Table 2.
Results showing effects of the intervention on primary outcomesa.
| Author, year, country | Follow-up time | Outcome | Outcome measurement | Effect measure | Effect size | P value |
| Kim, [14] 2013, Korea | 1 week | Pain | BPI | Mean pain score; proportion with pain score ≥4 | -0.3; -16% | .24; .02 |
| Rustoen, [13] 2013, Norway | 6 weeks | Pain | Numerical rating scale | Mean change in pain intensity score | No effect | NS |
| Kroenke, [23] 2010, USA | 12 months | Pain, depression | BPI, HSCL-20 | Mean difference | -0.70; -0.26 | <.001; <.001 |
| Badger, [12] 2013, USA | 16 weeks | Depression | CES-D | Mean difference | No effect | NS |
| Borosund, [27] 2014, Sweden | 6 months | Depression | HADS | Mean difference compared with control | Webchoice: -0.79; IPPC: 0.69 | .03; .03 |
| Duffecy, [15] 2013, USA | 8 weeks | Depression | HADS | Mean difference | 0.26 | -- |
| Gotay, [25] 2007, USA | 3 months | Depression | CES-D | Odds ratio of proportion with scores ≥16 | 1.38 | .24 |
| Lepore, [29] 2014, USA | 1 month | Depression | HADS | Unstandardized regression coefficients (S-ISG=0, P-ISG=1) | 1.11 | .028 |
| Livingston, [20] 2010, Australia | 12 months | Depression | HADS | Mean difference | 0.16; -0.19 | .55; .57 |
| Marcus, [21] 2010, USA | 18 months | Depression | CES-D | Mean difference; Proportion with scores ≥16 | No change in mean scores; 0.23 | NS; .06 |
| Stanton, [30] 2013, USA | 6 months | Depression | CES-D | Adjusted group means | 5.8 | .009 |
| Freeman, [28] 2014, USA | 3 months | HR-QOL | SF-36; FACT-B | Adjusted group means | Comparing LD vs TD vs WL: SF-36 PCS: 48.32 vs 49.93 vs 46.81; SF-36 MCS: 48.77 vs 49.40 vs 44.30 FACT-B: 24.66 vs 26.03 vs 23.66 |
.15; .02; .08 |
| Harrison, [19] 2011, Australia | 6 months | HR-QOL | FACT-C | Mean difference | 7.4 | .19 |
| Hawkins, [22] 2010, USA | 6 weeks | HR-QOL | WHOQOL | Mean difference | 0.26, 0.19, 0.24 | All <.05 |
| Loprinzi, [18] 2011, USA | 12 weeks | HR-QOL | LASA QOL | Mean difference | 2.3 | – |
| Nelson, [24] 2008, USA | 4 months | HR-QOL | FACT-Cx | Mean difference | 11.57 | .012 |
| Park, [16] 2012, Korea | 3 months | HR-QOL | FACT-B | Mean difference | -17.18 | .002 |
| Ryhanen, [31] 2013, Finland | Throughout treatment period, average 9 months | HR-QOL | Quality of life instrument - breast cancer patient version | Mean QOL scores (ANOVA) |
|
.82 |
| Sandgren, [26] 2007, USA | 13 months | HR-QOL | FACT-G | Mean score | 96.84 vs 95.50 vs 97.00 | >.11 |
| Sherman, [17] 2012, USA | Phase-specific: within 14 days of completion of adjuvant chemotherapy or 6 months post-surgery | Psychological well-being | PAL-C | Mean change | No effect | NS |
aHR-QOL: Health-related Quality of Life; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale; BPI: Brief Pain Inventory; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; FACT-B: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast; PAL-C: Profile of Adaptation to Life Clinical Scale; LASA QOL: Linear Analog Self-Assessment Quality of Life; FACT-C: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal; WHOQOL: World Health Organization Quality of Life; HSCL-20: 20-item Hopkins Symptom Checklist; FACT-Cx: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cervical; FACT-G: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale-General; NS: non-significant.