Table 1.

A summary of the efficacy, toxicity, and sites of action for adjudin versus gamendazole and CDB-4022.

	Compound
	Adjudin	Gamendazole	CDB-4022
Min. effective dosage for 100% efficacy	Two doses of 50 mg/kg b.w. (one dose per week)	Single dose of 6 mg/kg b.w.	Single dose of 2 mg/kg b.w. for rats Seven daily doses of 12.5 mg/kg b.w. for monkeys
Reversibility at min. effective dosage	100%	57%	0% in rats 100% in monkeys
Level of FSH, LH, and testosterone after treatment	FSH (−), LH (−), and testosterone (−)	FSH (NS ↑), and testosterone (−)	FSH (↑), LH (−), and testosterone (−)
Lethal dosage	No toxic effects for single dose up to 2000 mg/kg b.w. and no fatality at 50 mg/kg b.w. per day for 29 days for 10 male and 10 female rats (subchronic toxicity test)	200 mg/kg b.w.	Not determined
Sites of action	Activation of integrin/FAK/ERK signaling pathway	Partial inhibition of eEF1A1 Partial inhibition of HSP90	Alteration of expression of apical ES proteins
	Activation of integrin/RhoB/cofilin signaling pathway		Activation of ERK–MAPK signaling pathway
	Down-regulation of EPS8 Causing truncated localization of ARP3		Decreasing the ratio of membrane to soluble form SCF Activation of pro-apoptotic factors
Effect(s)	Premature spermiation due to disruption of apical ES	Premature spermiation due to disruption of apical ES	Premature spermiation due to disruption of apical ES An increase in germ cell apoptosis
References	Cheng et al. (2001, 2005), Grima et al. (2001), Lie et al. (2009b, 2010), Lui et al. (2003), Siu et al. (2003) and Mruk et al. (2006)	Tash et al. (2008a, 2008b)	Hild et al. (2001, 2007) and Koduri et al. (2008)

↑, Stimulation; −, no change; min, minimal; NS, not significantly; SCF, stem cell factor.