Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| N=589 Mean (SD) or Percent |
|
|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics at the First Trimester Visit | |
| Age (years) | 23 (4.0) |
| Race (% African American) | 51% |
| Marital status (% married) | 32% |
| Education (years) | 11.8 (1.4) |
| Employment status (% in school and/or working outside the home) | 25.5% |
| Household income (average) | $400 (61.4) |
| Depression (mean CES-D score) | 20.9 (8.6) |
| Anxiety (mean STPI score) | 17.7 (4.7) |
| Hostility (mean STPI score) | 18.7 (5.8) |
| Any alcohol use (%) | 64% |
| Average daily volume of alcohol | 0.55 (1.1) |
| Any marijuana use (%) | 41% |
| Average daily joints of marijuana | 0.37 (0.9) |
| Any cigarette use (%) | 53% |
| Average daily cigarettes | 8.2 (11.4) |
| Any cocaine use (%) | 3.7% |
| Any other illicit drug use (%) | 8.8% |
| Offspring Characteristics at Birth | |
| Gender (% male) | 47% |
| Gestational age (mean weeks) | 39.8 (2.2) |
| Preterm birth (% <37 weeks) | 8% |
| Birth weight (mean kg) | 3.2 (0.6) |
| Low birth weight (%<2500g) | 10% |
| Offspring Characteristics at 22 Years | |
| Age (years) | 22.8 (0.7) |
| Race (% African American) | 56% |
| Education (mean years) | 12.8 (1.6) |
| Completed high school (%) | 86% |
| Work status (% working and/or in school) | 61% |
| Personal income (mean US$/month) | 969.46 (861.1) |
| Lives with mother or caregiver (%) | 35% |
| Marital status (% married) | 6% |
| Has at least one child (%) | 36% |
| Initiated cigarettes (%) | 82% |
| Initiated marijuana (%) | 83% |
| Initiated alcohol (%) | 99% |
| Past-year cigarette smoker (%) | 43% |
| Past-year marijuana user (%) | 50% |
| Past-year alcohol user (%) | 92% |
| Any cocaine use in past year (%) | 6.6% |
| Any other illicit drug use in past year (%) | 13.7% |
| Family history of alcohol or drug problems (%) | 47% |