Table 1.

Range of mitochondrial abnormalities seen in MS, CFS, PD, AUT, MDD, Schiz and BPD

Mitochondrial abnormality	MS	CFS	PD	AUT	MDD	Schiz	BPD
Ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondria	+	++	+	+	+	+++	+
Evidence to shift in energy production via glycolysis	+	++	++	++		++	++
Mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral immune cells	+	++	++	++	++	++	+
Mitochondria DNA damage	+					++
Damage to the electron transport chain	++		+++	+		++	+
High lactate in brain or cerebrospinal fluid	+	+	+	+	+	++	+
Bioenergetic impairment Skeletal muscle		+++			+
Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential		+	+

MS, Multiple sclerosis; CFS, Chronic fatigue syndrome; PD, Parkinson’s disease; AUT, Autism; MDD, Major depression; Schiz, Schizophrenia; BPD, Bipolar disorder.