. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Immunol Res. 2014 Aug;59(0):166–176. doi: 10.1007/s12026-014-8525-0

Table II.

Correlates of protection following whole sporozoite vaccination approaches.

Whole sporozoite vaccination approach	Vaccination-induced responses

Radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS)	CD8 T cells	CD4 T cells	Antibodies
Mouse	Required for protection [29–33].	Generally not required for protection, dependent on mouse strain [29].	Anti-sporozoite antibodies did not correlate with protection [30].
Non-human primate	IFNγ⁺, TNFα⁺ CD8 T cells detected in liver following ex vivo sporozoite stimulation [33].	IFNγ⁺, TNFα⁺, or IL-2⁺ CD4 T cells detected in liver following ex vivo sporozoite stimulation [33].	N.D.^*
Human	Peripheral blood IFNγ⁺, TNFα⁺, IL-2⁺ CD8 T cells detected following ex vivo sporozoite stimulation [16].	Peripheral blood IFNγ⁺, TNFα⁺, IL-2⁺ CD4 T cells detected following ex vivo sporozoite stimulation [16,33].	Anti-CSP antibodies induced [16,33].
Genetically-attenuated parasites (GAP)
Mouse	Required for protection [10, 36–39].	Not required for protection [30,36,38].	N.D.^*
Human	Peripheral blood IFNγ⁺ CD8 T cells detected following ex vivo sporozoite stimulation [18].	Peripheral blood IFNγ⁺, TNFα⁺, IL-2⁺ CD4 T cells detected following ex vivo sporozoite stimulation [18].	Antibodies capable of inhibiting in vitro hepatocyte invasion detected [18].
Infection-treatment vaccination Mouse	Requirement for protection differs by rodent/ parasite immunization model. Not required for protection in C57Bl/6-P. yoelii 17XNL [23]. Partially reduces liver parasite burden in BALB/c-P. yoelii YM265 model [9].	Not required for protection – can delete population just prior to challenge [23]. Partially reduces liver parasite burden in BALB/c-P. yoelii YM265 model [9].	Anti-blood-stage parasite antibodies correlated with protection in C57Bl/6-P. yoelii 17XNL model [23].
Human	Detectable peripheral blood IFNγ⁺, IL-2⁺ CD8 T cell response following ex vivo blood-stage parasite stimulation [21].	Peripheral blood IFNγ⁺, IL-2⁺ CD4 T cell response following ex vivo blood-stage parasite stimulation [21].	Anti-CSP antibodies induced [20,21].

Indicates not discussed in review.