Figure 3. Perturbation of the NAD⁺/NADH ratio in A2780 cells exposed to 1/3 × IC₅₀ of complex 2 and sodium formate.

(a) Variation in the concentration of formate (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) in the absence (left) and presence (right) of complex 2, 24 h exposure. (b) Graph showing the linear correlation between the concentration of sodium formate and the NAD⁺/NADH ratio. (c) Effect of exposure time (0, 2, 4, 12, 18 and 24 h) on the NAD⁺/NADH ratio. (d) Variation in the concentration of NAD⁺ and NADH with time. All the experiments were performed as duplicates of triplicates in independent experiments and the error bars were calculated as the s.d. from the mean. An independent two-sample t-test with unequal variances, Welch’s test, was used to define the statistical difference between the values obtained for the NAD⁺/NADH ratio experiment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.