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. 2015 Apr 2;3:17. doi: 10.1186/s40478-015-0191-5

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© Sosunov et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Astrocytes in microtubers reveal activation (phosphorylation) of ribosomal protein S6 (S6) and p44/42 MAPK (p44). (a) p-S6+ astrocytes (arrowheads, marked only some) in microtubers in cortical layer V. A giant p-S6+ cell is marked with an arrow. Note that several microtubers are located near each other. (b,c) p44+ astrocytes (arrowheads) in microtubers detected with polyclonal (b, red) and monoclonal (c, green) primary antibodies. Giant cell p–S6+ and p44+ is marked with an arrow. (d) Many SPARC+ fibrous astrocytes express p-S6 (arrowheads). Giant p-S6+ /SPARC+ cell is marked with an arrow. Confocal microscopy, double immunostaining, counterstaining with Nissl (a-c), triple immunostaining (d). a1, b1, c1, and d1–enlarged boxed area in a, b, c, and d, respectively. a1’, b1’, c1’,d1’ and d1”represent split a1, b1, c1, and d1 images, respectively. scale bars: 150 μm.