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. 2015 Apr 2;3:17. doi: 10.1186/s40478-015-0191-5

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© Sosunov et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Giant cells and cytomegalic neurons in tubers and microtubers. (a-c) Giant cells (arrows) in tubers have large size, irregular shape, and long processes. Note in c) giant cell is immunopositive for p75. (d,e) Tuber-specific abnormalities in epileptogenic hippocampus in TSC. (d) Microtuber (arrow) in CA1 subfield. d1 enlarged central part of the microtuber in d) with giant cell (arrow); (e) Cytomegalic neuron (arrow) in CA1 subfield. (f) Laminar cytoarchitecture of the cortex visualized with NeuN immunostaining is not changed in the microtubers (marked with asterisks and boxed area). f1) enlarged boxed area in f). (g) Cytomegalic neuron (arrow) visualized by immunostaining for neurofilaments (NF) within normal appearing parenchyma populated with protoplasmic astrocytes. (h) Cytomegalic neuron immunopositive for p-S6. Note: level of neurofilament immunostaining in cytomegalic neurons exceeds that in surrounding normal neurons (g,h). (i) Cytomegalic neurons (arrowheads) located in the upper cortical layers in the tuber don’t express markers (vimentin [VIM] and alpha B Crystallin [Cryst]) of giant cells (arrows). (j) Giant cells located in the tuber at a level of the white matter are immunopositive for neurofilaments (arrows). Confocal microscopy, double immunostaining (a-h), counterstaining with Nissl, triple immunostaining (i,j). c’, d1’, f’, f1’, g’, h’, i’, and j1’ represent split c, d1, f, f1, g, h, i, and j1 images, respectively. scale bars: 100 μm in a-e; 150 μm in f-h; 80 μm in i,j.