Table 2.
Risk of osteoporosis and fractures along with clinical manifestations according to estrogen status in elderly men.
| Elderly men with late onset hypogonadism | ||
|---|---|---|
| Estrogenic status |
Relative estrogen deficiency
(less functioning aromatase) |
Normal circulating estrogens
(normal functioning aromatase) |
|
| ||
| Clinical phenotype | Low serum E2 | Normal serum E2 |
| Normal E2/T ratio | Impaired E2/T ratio | |
| Highest gonadotropins | Less increased gonadotropins | |
| Severely impaired BMD | Normal to moderate BMD decrease | |
| Osteoporosis | Osteopenia | |
| Risk of developing gynecomastia | ||
|
| ||
| Fracture risk | High | Low |
E2: estradiol; T: testosterone; BMD: bone mineral density.