Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014 Jun 21;23(7):1753–1763. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.02.017

Table 4. Methods and results of indirect cost studies for stroke patients, 1990- 2012.

First author/
year of
publication/
country		 Patients Study
designc 		Year of
cost
(Study
period)		 Type of
indirect
cost		 Annual indirect cost
in millions		 Annual per-patient indirect
cost
Stroke typea Age
(Sample
size)b 		Local
currencyc 		2012
USDc, d 		Local
currencyc 		2012 USDc, d
Fox,1996, US (California)16 Cerebrovascular disease (as a part of CVD) All (n=15,222) Incidence (1 year), HCA 1991 (1989–1991) Mortality 1,082 1,824 71,081 119,829
Hickenbottom, 2002, US17 All types Over 70 (n=7,443) Prevalence, RA 1999 Informal care 6,100 8,408 3,500–8,200 4,824–11,302
Dewey, 2002, Australia10 First CI, ICH, and unclassified N/A (n=340) Incidence (lifetime), OC/RA 1997 Informal care 332 (OC) 171 (RC) 329 (OC) 170 (RC) N/A N/A
van den Berg, 2006, Netherlands14 All types All (n=218) Incidence (6 months), OC/RA 2001 Informal care N/A N/A 17,482 (OC)e 12,440 (RA)e 23,451 (OC)e 16,687 (RA)e
Lindgren, 2008, Sweden18 IS 18–76 (n=275) Incidence (1 year), HCA 2006 Morbidity N/A N/A 120,000 14,963
Riewpaiboon 2009, Thailand19 All types All (n=149) Prevalence, OC 2006 (2001–2005) Informal care N/A N/A 42,336–68,052 904–1,453

Notes:

a

CVD (cardiovascular disease, includes hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and all other cardiovascular disease); ICH (intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke); IS (ischemic stroke); SAH (subarachnoid hemorrhage); TIA (transient ischemic attack); CI (cerebral infarction); N/A (not available).

b

When the sample size of the indirect cost is different from the total sample size, the sample size for indirect cost is shown.

c

Estimation approaches for productivity loss: HCA (the human capital approach).Estimation approaches for the time cost of informal caregiving: OC (the opportunity cost approach), and RA (the replacement approach).

d

Indirect cost in 2012 USD is estimated by using consumer price indices of study countries in the years of cost and in 2012 from the World Bank (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL) and purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rate in 2012 from OECD website (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=SNA_TABLE4). For Thailand, we use a PPP conversion factor from the World Bank and an exchange rate in 2012 from the webpage of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Economic Research, at the following link:http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/release?rid=186&soid=1&t=g5a&at=g5a&ob=pv&od=desc.

e

Euro is used as a local currency.