Table 1.
Cancer type | Role of PPARγ | TZD | Experimental model | Result | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIO | Xenograft (HT-29) in mice with APC mutation, sc | Increased tumor growth | [41] | ||
Colon | ⇓/⇑ | Azoxymethane-induced murine tumors | Reduced tumor growth | [39] | |
TRO | HT-29 xenografts, sc | Reduced tumor growth and metastasis | [40] | ||
Metastatic colon cancer, 25 patients | All progressive disease | [43] | |||
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Lung | ⇓/⇑ | ROSI | Chemically-induced mouse model | Decrease in adenoma formation | [46] |
| |||||
ROSI | LMM3 injection into mice, sc | Decreased tumor growth | [48] | ||
Breast | ⇓ | Chemically induced rat model | Decreased tumor growth and incidence | [49] | |
TRO | Advanced chemotherapy breast refractory cancer, 22 patients | No CR or PR, 3 SD | [50] | ||
ROSI | Early stage breast cancer, 38 patients | No decrease in proliferation | [51] | ||
| |||||
PIO | PC3 xenografts, sc. | Decrease of bone-invasive potential | [53] | ||
Prostate | ⇓ | TRO | Advanced prostate carcinoma, 41 patients | Stabilization of PSA levels | [54] |
ROSI | Recurrent prostate carcinoma, 1 patient | Delayed increase of PSA levels | [55] | ||
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Glioma | ⟺ | PIO | LN229 orthotopic xenografts | Reduced tumor volume, invasion | [58] |
Chemorefractory glioma, 14 patients | Disease stabilization (29%) | [59] | |||
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Melanoma | ⟺ | CIGLI | A375 xenografts, sc. | Growth inhibition, pro-apoptotic effects | [62] |
| |||||
PIO | Transgenic mouse model (PPAR fusion protein/PTEN deletion) | Decreased tumor growth and metastasis | [106] | ||
Thyroid | ⇓ | ROSI | Transgenic mouse model (Thyroid hormone receptor-β negative) | Delayed progression | [107] |
Metastatic thyroid cancer, 1 patient | Decrease in metastasis size | [109] |
PPARγ expression on tumor progression: promotion: ⇑; protection: ⇓; no effect: ⟺; CR: complete response; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease; sc: subcutaneous implantation of tumor cells.