Table 2.
Outcome parameters at baseline and after 6-month metformin treatment for patients with PCOS who were insulin sensitive at baseline (PCOS-C), patients with IR at baseline and after treatment (PCOS-PIR), and initially insulin resistant patients whose IR dissolved after treatment (PCOS-exIR).
| PCOS-C* | PCOS-exIR* | PCOS-PIR* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 36 | n = 25 | n = 28 | Two-factorial ANOVA or Wilcoxon testa | ||||
| Baseline | After treatment | Baseline | After treatment | Baseline | After treatment | ||
| HOMA-IR >2.5 [%] | 0 | 5.6 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | |
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| HOMA-IR [mmol∗mU/L²] | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.7*** | 6.2 ± 3.0 | 4.4 ± 1.8** |
Time
F = 44.5, P < 0.001 Group F = 88.3, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 8.5, P < 0.001 |
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| Fasting insulin [µU/mL] | 6.3 ± 3.1 | 5.3 ± 3.3 | 15.0 ± 3.4 | 7.0 ± 2.9*** | 25.9 ± 10.9 | 19.7 ± 7.5** |
Time
F = 50.2, P < 0.001 Group F = 98.8, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 9.0, P < 0.001 |
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| AUCI [mU∗h/L] | 127 ± 48 | 132 ± 55 | 247 ± 109 | 169 ± 76*** | 347 ± 151 | 356 ± 142 |
Time
F = 4.1, P = 0.046 Group F = 49.7, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 6.6, P = 0.002 |
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| BMI [kg/m²] | 26.8 ± 6.4 | 26.6 ± 6.4 | 31.9 ± 6.9 | 29.8 ± 6.3*** | 39.2 ± 8.4 | 38.5 ± 8.4 |
Time
F = 20.5, P < 0.001 Group F = 23.8, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 6.3, P < 0.003 |
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| Body weight [kg] | 75.9 ± 21.1 | 75.2 ± 21.3 | 90.2 ± 21.7 | 84.4 ± 19.4*** | 110.6 ± 24.2 | 108.9 ± 24.0 |
Time
F = 19.6, P < 0.001 Group F = 19.6, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 6.3, P = 0.003 |
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| Cholesterol [mg/dL] | 186 ± 28 | 196 ± 34 | 182 ± 32 | 186 ± 39 | 192 ± 34 | 190 ± 26 | Time F = 0.9, P = 0.33 Group F = 0.5, P = 0.59 Time × Gr F = 1.1, P = 0.35 |
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| LDL-cholesterol [mg/dL] | 102 ± 22 | 105 ± 28 | 106 ± 26 | 103 ± 31 | 117 ± 32 | 113 ± 22 | Time F = 0.1, P = 0.82 Group F = 2.1, P = 0.13 Time × Gr F = 0.5, P = 0.61 |
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| HDL-cholesterol [mg/dL] | 63 ± 14 | 63 ± 15 | 49 ± 11 | 53 ± 13 | 48 ± 10 | 50 ± 11 |
Time
F = 4.5, P = 0.037 Group F = 13.8, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 1.2, P = 0.33 |
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| Triglycerides [mg/dL] | 84 ± 48 | 101 ± 43 | 128 ± 70 | 122 ± 51 | 191 ± 217 | 153 ± 68 | Time F = 0.6, P = 0.45 Group F = 7.4, P = 0.001 Time × Gr F = 1.8, P = 0.17 |
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| AST [U/L] | 25 ± 29 | 17 ± 5 | 20 ± 5 | 18 ± 4(∗) | 21 ± 6 | 21 ± 8 | Time F = 2.3, P = 0.13 Group F = 0.26, P = 0.78 Time × Gr F = 1.6, P = 0.22 |
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| ALT [U/L] | 26 ± 14 | 21 ± 6(∗) | 28 ± 10 | 23 ± 9** | 32 ± 13 | 38 ± 18(∗) | Time F = 0.92, P = 0.34 Group F = 10.6, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 7.6, P < 0.001 |
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| AST/ALT-ratio | 0.89 ± 0.3 | 0.86 ± 0.2 | 0.76 ± 0.2 | 0.86 ± 0.2 | 0.69 ± 0.2 | 0.61 ± 0.2 | Time F = 0.33, P = 0.56 Group F = 11.7, P < 0.001 Time × Gr F = 2.3, P = 0.06 |
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| M30 [U/L] | 198 ± 91 | 206 ± 124 | 199 ± 108 | 196 ± 70 | 238 ± 211 | 275 ± 206 | Time F = 1.8, P = 0.19 Group F = 1.7, P = 0.19 Time × Gr F = 1.2, P = 0.31 |
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| BARD-Score [median (25th, 75th percentile)] | 2 (0.25, 2.75) | 2 (1, 2.75) | 1 (1, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | 1 (1, 2.5) | 1 (1, 1) | Time Z = 0.3, P = 0.79 |
aData were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance with the factors group (i.e., PCOS-C, PCOS-IR, and PCOS-exIR) and time (i.e., changes from baseline to 6 months of treatment). In case of significant ANOVA time or time × group effects, post hoc paired t-tests within respective PCOS groups were calculated (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and (∗)nonsignificant after Bonferroni correction). Changes in BARD-Scores from baseline to 6 months after treatment were analyzed with Wilcoxon tests within subgroups and the total sample. All results are shown as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.