Table 1. VWM studies in which training were investigated in humans.

Study	Task		Period	Stimulus	Result
Arend & Zimmer (2012)	Train	Adaptive multiple object tracking (distractor addition)	10 sessions for 14 days (5 hrs.)	Colored squares and rectangles
	Test	Change detection in a divided-field with distractors		Black circles	No transfer effects
Zimmer et al. (2012)	Train	Adaptive change-detection (duration of memory arrays and set size)	12 sessions over 4 weeks	Chinese characters and artificial patterns
	Test	Change-detection with one test stimulus		Trained and untrained Chinese characters and artificial patterns	Item-specific positive effects
Berry et al. (2010)	Train	Adaptive motion discrimination task (speed of motion and interstimulus interval)	3–5 sessions / week for 3–5 weeks (10 hrs.)	Extracted or contracted Gabor patterns
	Test	Change detection in motion directions		Moving dot kinetograms	Positive transfer effects
Moore et al. (2006)	Train	Adaptive match-to-sample task (duration and stimulus discriminability)	7 sessions over 10 days (10.5 hrs.)	Novel polygons
	Test	Match-to-sample		Trained and untrained polygons	Increased brain activity (memory capacity not assessed)
Chen et al. (2006)	Train	Change detection with two test stimuli	320 trials	Random polygons
	Test	Change detection with two test stimuli		Random polygons	No familiarity effects
Olson et al. (2005)	Train	Change detection with one item missing in a test array. Some memory arrays presented repeatedly.	32 repetitions per memory array	Green squares
	Test	Change detection in random or predicted locations		Green squares	Positive effects only in predicted target locations
Olson & Jiang (2004)	Train	Change detection in cued locations.Some memory arrays presented repeatedly	24 repetitions per memory array	Green squares and novel shapes
	Test	Change detection while being trained		Green squares and novel shapes	No effects of repeated memory arrays
Olsen et al. (2004)	Train	Adaptive visuospatial working memory tasks (set size)	90 trials / day (35–45 min.) for 5 weeks	Colored circles
	Test	The serial positioning task, neuropsychological tests		Colored circles	Increased brain activity and positive transfer effects