Table 4. Variables associated with Plasmodium, STH and Plasmodium + STH co-infection using bivariate analysis.
| Risk factors | Plasmodium infection | STH infection | Plasmodium + STH co-infection | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR | p-value | |
| Gender (Female (Ref)) | ||||||
| Male sex | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.423 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.476 | 0.9 (0.6–1.7) | 0.9767 |
| Age | ||||||
| Age in years | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | <0.001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | 0.0001 |
| Age group (<3 years (Ref)) | ||||||
| 3–5 years | 1.6 (0.9–3.0) | 0.113 | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | 0.001 | 2.3 (0.8–7.0) | 0.137 |
| > 5years | 2.9 (1.7–4.8) | < 0.001 | 3.0 (2.1–4.3) | <0.001 | 5.0 (1.9–12.8) | 0.001 |
| Education level (Too young (Ref)) | ||||||
| Preschool | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.868 | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 0.024 | 1.4 (0.6–3.5) | 0.409 |
| Primary | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) | 0.006 | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 0.004 | 2.0 (0.9–4.3) | 0.092 |
| Age to go but doesn't | 3.0 (1.9–4.8) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 0.005 | 2.9 (1.4–5.9) | 0.004 |
| Villages (Hamlets), (Kiwangwa Kiwangwa (Ref)) | ||||||
| Kiwangwa Mwavi | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | 0.99 | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 0.358 | 1.0 (0.3–2.7) | 0.959 |
| Kiwangwa Bago | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.77 | 2.1 (1.3–3.4) | 0.004 | 2.1 (0.9–5.1) | 0.094 |
| Kiwangwa Kibaoni | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) | 0.248 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 0.931 | Omitted | - |
| Kiwangwa Kwambwela | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 0.285 | 2.2 (1.1–4.2) | 0.019 | 0.8 (0.2–4.0) | 0.826 |
| Kiwangwa Pipani | 0.3 (0.1–1.2) | 0.085 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.839 | 0.4 (0.1–3.4) | 0.414 |
| Kiwangwa (Mwetemo + Masuguru) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 0.526 | 1.6 (0.8–3.3) | 0.183 | 1.4 (0.4–5.4) | 0.593 |
| Kiwangwa Msinune | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | 0.07 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 0.413 | 2.7 (1.1–6.7) | 0.028 |
| Msata (Msata + Kihangaiko) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.004 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.244 | 0.2 (0.0–1.7) | 0.14 |
| Mkange Matipwili | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.589 | 3.0 (1.7–5.2) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (0.5–4.4) | 0.51 |
| Magomeni (Makurunge—Kitame) | Omitted | - | 2.3 (1.2–4.3) | 0.008 | Omitted | - |
| Did not sleep under bednet last night (Ref) | ||||||
| Slept under bednet last night | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.0193 | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.1951 | 1.2 (0.4–4.1) | 0.7206 |
| Did not use antihelminth past 6 months (Ref) | ||||||
| Albendazole | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.8397 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.004 | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) | 0.0679 |
| Mebendazole | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.6066 | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.1617 | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.3444 |
| Helminth negative (Ref) | ||||||
| Any helminth | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 0.0072 | ||||
| E. vermicularis monoinfection | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.43 | ||||
| Hookworm monoinfection | 0.8 (0.4–1.7) | 0.5423 | ||||
| S. stercoralis monoifection | 2.5 (1.2–5.2) | 0.0146 | ||||
| T. trichuris monoinfection | - | 0.1177 | ||||
| Plasmodium density | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.6971 | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | <0.001 | ||
| Low density parasitemia | 0.5 (0.1–2.2) | 0.3844 | 3.1 (0.6–16.0) | 0.147 | ||
Note: Density of parasitemia was defined as: Low density parasite <5000/μL and high density ≥5000/ μL
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio