Table 3. Difference-in-Differences Estimates of Program Effect on Phase II Observed PNC processes.
| Phase II vs. Comparison Group | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean PNC Quality Scores | Difference-in-Differences Estimates | ||||||||
| 2010 [Mean quality score (SD)] | 2012 Post-Rollout [Mean quality score (SD)] | Phase II * Post (SE) | |||||||
| Maternal care | Phase II | Comp-arison | Diff. | Phase II | Comp-arison | Diff. | (1) | (2) | (3) |
| History taking practices (0–7) | 1.8 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.8) | -1.0*** (0.2) | 1.7 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.5) | 0.1 (0.2) | 1.64** (0.3) | 1.61** (0.3) | 1.43* (0.3) |
| Maternal physical examination (0–7) | 1 (1.9) | 1.3 (1.9) | -0.3** (0.2) | 0.4 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.4) | -0.4** (0.1) | 0.73 (0.4) | 0.69 (0.4) | 0.48 (0.3) |
| Maternal danger signs advice (0–3) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.1** (0.1) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.50 (0.3) | 0.49 (0.3) | 0.59 (0.4) |
| Fertility advice (0–4) | 0.9 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.3) | -0.2* (0.1) | 0.8 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 1.62 (0.8) | 1.56 (0.7) | 1.37 (0.7) |
| Family planning methods discussed (0–10) | 1.1 (2.4) | 0.9 (2.0) | 0.3 (0.2) | 1.5 (2.6) | 0.4 (1.2) | 1.1*** (0.2) | 2.74* (1.4) | 2.30 (1.17) | 0.88 (0.6) |
| STI/HIV risk assessment (0–3) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.2*** (0.1) | 4.27 (4.1) | 4.52 (4.29) | 3.93 (3.3) |
| STI/HIV risk factors (0–4) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.2*** (0.1) | 3.01 (2.1) | 2.82 (1.86) | 2.39 (1.5) |
| STI management (0–3) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.1*** (0.0) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.59 (0.6) | 0.77 (0.83) | 0.79 (0.9) |
| Total for maternal care (0–41) | 5.8 (7.8) | 6.8 (5.8) | -1.02* (0.6) | 5.1 (6.3) | 3.8 (4.3) | 1.38** (0.6) | 1.61 (0.5) | 1.49 (0.44) | 1.19 (0.4) |
| Newborn care | |||||||||
| Newborn feeding advice (0–3) | 1.4 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.3) | -0.6*** (0.1) | 1.2 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.3) | -0.30* (0.2) | 1.153 (0.5) | 1.16 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.5) |
| Newborn examination (0–4) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.8) | 0.4*** (0.1) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | 0.13 (0.1) | 0.83 (0.2) | 0.83 (0.2) | 0.76 (0.2) |
| Newborn danger signs advice (0–4) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.2* (0.1) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.5 (1.1) | -0.3*** (0.1) | 0.25** (0.2) | 0.19** (0.1) | 0.20** (0.2) |
| Documentation (0–4) | 3.3 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.4) | 0.5*** (0.1) | 3.2 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.5) | 0.25* (0.2) | 0.93 (0.1) | 0.93 (0.1) | 0.87 (0.1) |
| Total for newborn care (0–15) | 6.5 (3.2) | 6.2 (2.7) | 0.4 (0.3) | 5.7 (2.7) | 5.9 (3.2) | -0.21 (0.3) | 0.91 (0.2) | 0.92 (0.2) | 0.89 (0.1) |
| Interpersonal skills | |||||||||
| Creation of rapport (0–8) | 4.2 (2.3) | 4.4 (2.0) | -0.1 (0.2) | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.8 (1.8) | -0.4* (0.2) | 0.93 (0.2) | 0.89 (0.2) | 0.85 (0.1) |
| Overall (0–64) | 16.7 (11.6) | 17.4 (8.9) | -0.7 (0.9) | 14.3 (9.6) | 13.5 (7.4) | 0.8 (1.0) | 1.11 (0.2) | 1.09 (0.2) | 1.03 (0.2) |
| Observations | 310 | 230 | 169 | 141 | 850 | 850 | 850 | ||
*** p<0.01,
** p<0.05,
* p<0.1
Notes: p-values generated using unpaired t-tests assuming unequal variance. “2010” p-values indicate probability of differences between the intervention vs. comparison mean scores at the 2010 data collection time point; “post-rollout” p-values compare the intervention vs. comparison mean sores at the 2012 data collection time point. Difference-in-differences estimates are reported as incidence rate ratios. Robust standard errors are clustered at the health facility level. Columns (1)–(3) report difference-in-difference estimates of program effect under 3 model specifications. Covariates in models (2) and (3) include categorical variables for facility type, facility sector, and client socioeconomic status quintile. The “phase I” covariate is a dummy for facility inclusion in phase I of the voucher program. “Post” is a time dummy for 2012, with the referent group observations from 2010. The DD estimator is the interaction between the phase II and post dummies.