Fig. 1.

Gene expression in the inflamed human intestine. a IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ mRNA expression and b NHE3, PDZK1, and NHERF1 mRNA expression, in the sigmoid colon biopsies of control individuals (no colonic inflammation), ulcerative colitis noninflamed (UC NI), and ulcerative colitis inflamed (UC I) patients. mRNA expression levels of all three proinflammatory cytokines were significantly increased in UC I vs UC NI and controls (A). PDZK1 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in inflamed colonic mucosal biopsies from UC patients (UC I) compared to biopsies taken from noninflamed controls, and from UC patients without active inflammation (UC NI), from the same colonic segment. Bar graphs are represented as ± SEM.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ***P < 0.0005. n = controls (16), UC NI (13), UC I (14). A geometrical mean of three housekeeping genes were used as the reference gene [29, 38]