Table 2.
Incidence of Outcomes in Lonely vs Not Lonely Subjects
| Functional Measure |
Eligible for outcome |
Outcome Frequency |
Unadjusted RR/HR (95% CI) |
Adjusteda RR/HR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lonely | Not Lonely | ||||
| ADLs | 1233 | 24.8% | 12.5% | 1.98 (1.55, 2.53) | 1.59 (1.23, 2.07) |
| Upper Extremities Tasks | 1166 | 41.5% | 28.3% | 1.47 (1.25, 1.72) | 1.28 (1.08, 1.52) |
| Mobility | 1114 | 38.1% | 29.4% | 1.30 (1.10, 1.53) | 1.18 (0.99, 1.41) |
| Climbing | 1062 | 40.8% | 27.9% | 1.46 (1.23, 1.73) | 1.31(1.10, 1.57) |
| Deathb | 1604 | 22.8% | 14.2% | 1.70 (1.35, 2.15) | 1.45 (1.11, 1.88) |
Abbreviations: RR, Risk Ratio; HR, Hazard Ratio; ADLs, Activities of Daily Living.
a
Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, income, net worth, working status, living arrangement, comorbid conditions (hypertension, diabetes, cancer, chronic lung disease, cardiac disease, and stroke), smoking and drinking habits, BMI (body mass index), physical activity, hearing and vision problems, depression and baseline ADL status. Adjusted analysis for death was also adjusted for baseline upper extremities tasks, mobility and climbing.
b
Association of loneliness with death reported as Hazard Ratios.