Table 1.

CVLT-C Outcome Variables

Variable Name	Description
Immediate learning	Number of words correctly recalled on learning trial 1
Total learning	Number of words correctly recalled over the 5 learning trials
Short-delay recall	Number of words correctly recalled after a short-delay (i.e., after the presentation of distractor list)
Long-delay recall	Number of words correctly recalled after a delay of 20 minutes
Recognition discrimination accuracy	Number of words correctly recognized when both correct rejections and number of words presented during the recognition trial (N = 45) are taken into account. Calculated as [number of correct hits + correct rejections]/total words (Delis et al., 1994)
Perseveration errors	Number of perseverations (i.e., response repetition) on recall trials
Intrusion errors	Number of intrusions (i.e., non-target words) reported on recall trials
False-positive errors	Number of words incorrectly identified as target words during recognition testing.
Semantic cluster	Semantic clusters are observed when two consecutively recalled words come from the same semantic category (viz., either fruits, clothing, or playthings). An observed/expected ratio score is calculated for each of the free recall trials. Expected correct semantic clustering scores are calculated using the approach recommended by Stricker et al. (2002) and Delis (2002).
Serial cluster	Serial clusters are observed when two words are recalled in the same order in which they were originally presented. An observed/expected ratio score is calculated for each of the free recall trials. Expected correct serial clustering scores are calculated using the approach recommended by Stricker et al. (2002) and Delis (2002).