Table 2.

Device-assisted treatment techniques and their effect on tooth movement

Author	Physical approach used	Rate	Animal/human	Acceleration
Nishimura [35]	Vibrational stimulation	60 Hz, 1.0 m/s (2/8 min/day)	Rats	Yes
Kau et al. [36]	Resonance vibration	20 to 30 Hz/20 min/day	Human	Yes
Davidovitch [37]	Direct electrical current	7 V	Animal	Yes
Fujita et al. 2008 [38]	Low-level laser	810-nm Ga-Al-As diode laser and continuous waves at 100 mW	Rats	Yes
Kawasaki [39]	Low-level laser	830-nm Ga-Al-As diode laser and continuous waves at 100 mW	Rats	Yes
Limpanichkul [40]	Low-level laser	860-nm Ga-Al-As diode and continuous waves at 100 mW	Human	No
Kau [41]	Low-level laser	850-nm LED and continuous wave 60 mW	Human	Yes
Doshi-Mehta G [42]	Low-level laser	800-nm Ga-Al-As diode laser and continuous wave 0.25 mW	Human	Yes

LED, Light-Emitting Diode