Table 6.
Linear regression coefficients (95% confidence intervals) between birth length, head circumference, and select elements measured in blood and urine collected from couples with singleton deliveries.
| Elements | Birth length (n=231) | Head circumference (n=182) b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile a | Maternal exposure c | Paternal exposure d | Maternal exposure c | Paternal exposure d | |
| Blood, μg/L | |||||
| Cd | 2nd | 0.66 (−0.23, 1.55) | 0.15 (−0.73, 1.03) | −0.46 (−1.13, 0.21) | 0.32 (−0.34, 0.98) |
| 3rd | 0.69 (−0.22, 1.60) | −0.25 (−1.18, 0.67) | −0.41 (−1.10, 0.28) | 0.08 (−0.61, 0.77) | |
| P-trend | 0.165 | 0.094 | 0.675 | 0.485 | |
| Pb (μg/dL) | 2nd | 0.43 (−0.48, 1.35) | 0.19 (−0.70, 1.08) | 0.03 (−0.68, 0.74) | 0.12 (−0.57, 0.80) |
| 3rd | 0.14 (−0.81, 1.09) | 0.61 (−0.31, 1.53) | −0.33 (−1.07, 0.41) | −0.03 (−0.72, 0.67) | |
| P-trend | 0.671 | 0.416 | 0.132 | 0.971 | |
| Hg | 2nd | 0.68 (−0.20, 1.56) | 0.81 (−0.07, 1.69) | −0.12 (−0.80, 0.57) | −0.04 (−0.71, 0.64) |
| 3rd | 1.11 (0.18, 2.03) | 1.30 (0.36, 2.24) | 0.11 (−0.61, 0.84) | 0.58 (−0.14, 1.30) | |
| P-trend | 0.098 | 0.015 | 0.569 | 0.067 | |
| Urine, μg/L | |||||
| Sb | 2nd | 0.28 (−0.92, 1.47) | −0.14 (−1.26, 0.97) | 0.06 (−0.79, 0.91) | −0.75 (−1.60, 0.11) |
| 3rd | 0.66 (−0.85, 2.16) | −0.66 (−1.88, 0.57) | 0.02 (−1.07, 1.11) | −0.92 (−1.84, 0.01) | |
| P-trend | 0.262 | 0.831 | 0.354 | 0.390 | |
| As | 2nd | −0.40 (−1.43, 0.63) | 0.42 (−0.54, 1.38) | 0.11 (−0.67, 0.89) | −0.57 (−1.30, 0.15) |
| 3rd | −0.02 (−1.17, 1.13) | 0.79 (−0.24, 1.82) | −0.33 (−1.18, 0.52) | −0.43 (−1.22, 0.36) | |
| P-trend | 0.458 | 0.752 | 0.617 | 0.160 | |
| Ba | 2nd | −0.71 (−1.72, 0.29) | 0.25 (−0.77, 1.28) | −0.40 (−1.19, 0.40) | −0.35 (−1.15, 0.44) |
| 3rd | −0.50 (−1.66, 0.65) | −0.12 (−1.25, 1.02) | −0.22 (−1.08, 0.63) | 0.13 (−0.73, 0.99) | |
| P-trend | 0.673 | 0.725 | 0.357 | 0.911 | |
| Cd | 2nd | −0.04 (−1.19, 1.11) | −0.93 (−2.00, 0.15) | −0.29 (−1.13, 0.56) | −0.63 (−1.48, 0.22) |
| 3rd | −0.27 (−1.72, 1.17) | −0.86 (−2.11, 0.39) | −0.75 (−1.78, 0.29) | −0.08 (−1.17, 1.00) | |
| P-trend | 0.761 | 0.254 | 0.972 | 0.490 | |
| Cs | 2nd | −0.70 (−1.89, 0.49) | −0.74 (−1.91, 0.43) | 0.11 (−0.78, 1.01) | −0.84 (−1.73, 0.05) |
| 3rd | −0.02 (−1.66, 1.62) | −1.18 (−2.50, 0.14) | −0.57 (−1.79, 0.65) | −0.39 (−1.46, 0.69) | |
| P-trend | 0.936 | 0.061 | 0.211 | 0.516 | |
| Cr | 2nd | 0.67 (−0.37, 1.71) | −0.11 (−1.21, 0.98) | 0.25 (−0.58, 1.07) | −0.73 (−1.52, 0.06) |
| 3rd | 0.19 (−1.10, 1.48) | −0.13 (−1.30, 1.04) | 0.11 (−0.80, 1.03) | −0.74 (−1.62, 0.14) | |
| P-trend | 0.949 | 0.095 | 0.820 | 0.116 | |
| Co | 2nd | 0.56 (−0.62, 1.75) | −0.51 (−1.67, 0.65) | −0.02 (−0.87, 0.84) | −0.60 (−1.52, 0.32) |
| 3rd | 0.76 (−0.75, 2.27) | −0.98 (−2.31, 0.35) | 0.30 (−0.81, 1.41) | −0.25 (−1.51, 1.02) | |
| P-trend | 0.417 | 0.824 | 0.312 | 0.579 | |
| Cu | 2nd | −0.04 (−1.27, 1.20) | −0.53 (−1.70, 0.64) | −0.64 (−1.54, 0.27) | −0.52 (−1.39, 0.306) |
| 3rd | 0.41 (−1.25, 2.06) | −0.47 (−1.85, 0.92) | −0.58 (−1.71, 0.54) | −0.78 (−1.87, 0.30) | |
| P-trend | 0.744 | 0.135 | 0.880 | 0.874 | |
| Pb | 2nd | −0.56 (−1.57, 0.45) | 0.20 (−0.84, 1.25) | 0.28 (−0.47, 1.03) | 0.09 (−0.73, 0.92) |
| 3rd | −0.18 (−1.46, 1.10) | 0.04 (−1.11, 1.19) | −0.05 (−0.97, 0.87) | −0.31 (−1.20, 0.59) | |
| P-trend | 0.954 | 0.737 | 0.387 | 0.958 | |
| Mo | 2nd | −0.09 (−1.19, 1.02) | 0.01 (−1.01, 1.03) | 0.19 (−0.66, 1.05) | −0.58 (−1.39, 0.23) |
| 3rd | 0.61 (−0.84, 2.06) | −0.69 (−1.93, 0.55) | 0.44 (−0.60, 1.49) | −0.80 (−1.80, 0.19) | |
| P-trend | 0.922 | 0.877 | 0.541 | 0.309 | |
| Se | 2nd | 0.44 (−0.68, 1.56) | −0.62 (−1.70, 0.47) | 0.02 (−0.78, 0.81) | −0.42 (−1.21, 0.36) |
| 3rd | 0.26 (−1.20, 1.72) | −0.68 (−2.03, 0.66) | −0.28 (−1.28, 0.73) | −0.10 (−1.09, 0.88) | |
| P-trend | 0.607 | 0.812 | 0.612 | 0.369 | |
| Tl | 2nd | −0.18 (−1.33, 0.97) | −0.38 (−1.64, 0.88) | −0.32 (−1.14, 0.50) | −0.42 (−1.42, 0.58) |
| 3rd | 0.21 (−1.19, 1.62) | −0.68 (−2.11, 0.74) | −0.73 (−1.78, 0.33) | −0.78 (−2.04, 0.47) | |
| P-trend | 0.223 | 0.651 | 0.325 | 0.589 | |
| Sn | 2nd | 0.13 (−0.95, 1.22) | −0.16 (−1.21, 0.89) | 0.43 (−0.38, 1.23) | 0.17 (−0.64, 0.97) |
| 3rd | 0.72 (−0.58, 2.03) | −0.23 (−1.30, 0.85) | 0.20 (−0.76, 1.15) | −0.02 (−0.88, 0.85) | |
| P-trend | 0.166 | 0.788 | 0.593 | 0.678 | |
| W | 2nd | −1.22 (−2.19, − 0.25) | −0.13 (−1.08, 0.82) | 0.15 (−0.58, 0.87) | −0.20 (−0.94, 0.55) |
| 3rd | −0.60 (−1.72, 0.53) | −0.46 (−1.60, 0.68) | −0.09 (−0.95, 0.77) | −0.12 (−0.99, 0.76) | |
| P-trend | 0.784 | 0.341 | 0.815 | 0.476 | |
| U | 2nd | −0.09 (−1.11, 0.93) | −1.10 (−2.09, − 0.11) | −0.14 (−0.89, 0.61) | −0.83 (−1.60, − 0.05) |
| 3rd | −0.30 (−1.47, 0.86) | −1.07 (−2.07, − 0.07) | −0.57 (−1.40, 0.25) | −0.81 (−1.64, 0.02) | |
| P-trend | 0.494 | 0.260 | 0.116 | 0.443 | |
| Zn | 2nd | 0.12 (−0.95, 1.19) | −0.89 (−1.92, 0.15) | −0.16 (−0.97, 0.65) | −0.80 (−1.60, 0.01) |
| 3rd | 0.22 (−1.09, 1.52) | −0.78 (−1.98, 0.43) | 0.02 (−0.92, 0.97) | −0.71 (−1.70, 0.28) | |
| P-trend | 0.835 | 0.759 | 0.850 | 0.412 | |
NOTE: Statistically significant associations (P<0.05) in bold typeface.
a
1st tertile (not shown) is the reference category, P-trend test based on linear models using continuous exposure;
b
n=2 outliers excluded;
c
Effect of maternal exposure adjusted for paternal exposure, maternal age, difference in maternal and paternal age, and maternal and paternal smoking, income, race, serum lipids (mg/dL), and creatinine for urine (mg/dL);
d
Effect of paternal exposure adjusted for maternal exposure, paternal age, difference in maternal and paternal age, and maternal and paternal smoking, income, race, serum lipids (mg/dL), and creatinine for urine (mg/dL).