A–I: Isolated mandible from control (A–C), Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (R2 CKO; D–F), and Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ (R2 CKO;R1+/−; G–I) mice. P←→A: Posterior to Anterior J: Quantification of the size (length and width) of the mandible from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. K: Quantification of the volume and surface area of the mandible from control (blue bars), Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre (red bars), and Tgfbr2fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre;Alk5fl/+ (green bars) mice. *p<0.01. Definitions of landmarks: 1. Most anterior point of the mandible; 2. Anterior-superior point of the mandible; 3. Mental foramen; 4. Molar alveolus of dentary; 5. Anterior junction of the mandibular ramus and body; 6. Superior tip of the coronary process; 7. Most inferior point of the mandibular notch; 8. Anterior point of the condylar process; 9. Posterior point of the condylar process; 10. Superior point of the angular process; 11. Secondary cartilage of the angular process; 12. Inferior junction of the mandibular ramus and body; 13. Midpoint of the external oblique ridge; 14. Inferior point of the mandibular body; 15. Mandibular foramen. Scale bar: 1 millimeter.