Table 1.
Descriptive information, measures, and effect sizes of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author | Sex | Population Characteristics |
N and Sample Size by Group |
Measures & Description of Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson (2002) | M & F | Married, Dating Cohabitating; Community | N=7,395; Males: CMIPV (3,132); Females: CMIPV (3,726) | CES-D; IPV significantly increases the odds of depression for males (OR=1.02, p=.001, d=.01) and females (OR=1.03, p=.001, d=.01). |
| Babcock et al. (2005) | M | Married, Dating Cohabitating; Community | N=102; SNV (30), LMIPV (37), MSIPV (35) | STAXI trait anger scales, SPAFF; IPV higher trait anger than SNV (d=.67, CI = .24 – 1.11). IPV higher observed contempt and belligerence than SNV (d=.58, CI = .14 – 1.01). |
| Barbour et al. (1998) | M | Married; Community | N=88; SNV (34); DNV (23), CMIPV (31) | STAXI, ATSS; CMIPV higher trait anger (d=.87, CI = .41 – 1.33), state anger (d=.52, CI = .08 – .97), and anger out scores (d=.97, CI = .51 – 1.43) than DNV and SNV. DNV and SNV had higher anger control than CMIPV (d= −.91, CI = −1.37 – −.45). No differences between groups on ATSS anger/rage (d=.01, CI = ns), annoyance (d= −.30, CI = ns), or negative emotions (d= −.33, ns). |
| Barnett, Fagan, & Booker (1991) | M | Married; Community, Probation | N=228; SNV (50), DNV (43), CLIPV (93) – counseled/uncoun seled, GV (42) | BDHI; CLIPV and GV higher overall BDHI scores than SNV and DNV (d=.34, CI = .07 – .60). |
| Beasley & Stoltenberg (1992) | M | Married, Cohabitating, Divorced, Separated; Clinical | N=84; NV (35), CLIPV (49) | STAS; IPV had higher scores than NV for state (d=.97, CI = .51 – 1.43) and trait (d=.59, CI = .15 – 1.04) anger. |
| Boyle & Vivian (1996) | M | Married; Clinical/ Community | N=312; MSIPV (100), LMIPV (69), DNV (94), SNV (49) | BDI, MAI-H, SS-Ang, STAS-T; IPV had higher scores than NV on anger on the STAS-T (d=.44, CI = .20 – .67) and spouse-specific anger (d=.50, CI = .26 – .73) and on depression (d=.69, CI = .46 – .92). IPV as not different from NV on hostility (d=.07, CI = ns) and MSIPV did not differ from LMIPV on any of these variables. |
| Burman, Margolin, & John (1993) | M & F | Married; Community | N=65; Couples; SNV (15), MSIPV (17), VA (15), WI (18) | SPAFF; No differences between groups on anger/contempt for husbands (d=.49, n.s.) or wives (d=.59, n.s.) or on non-hostile negative affect for husbands (d= − .26,n.s.) or wives (d= −.12, n.s.). |
| Cadsky & Crawford (1988) | M | Married and other not specified; Clinical | N=172; MSIPV (66), LMIPV (106) | BDHI; MSIPV scored higher than LMIPV on BDHI (d=.40, CI = .10 – .71). *Not enough info. provided to calculate effect size for depression. |
| Caetano & Cunradi (2003) | M & F | Married or Dating Co-habitating; Community | N=1635; Couples | CES-D; Female, but not male, IPV perpetrators had significantly greater odds of depression (d=1.91, CI = 1.80 – 2.02; d=.12, n.s.). |
| Chambers & Wilson (2007) | M | Married, Separated, Divorced, Single, Widowed; Clinical | N=93; LMIPV (51), MSIPV (32), DB (10) | PAI; DB cluster and MSIPV moderately distressed personality cluster had higher depression scores (d= 2.05; CI = 1.55 – 2.55;DEP scale) and higher anxiety scores than the LMIPV non-elevated personality cluster on the ANX and ARD scales, respectively (d=1.37, CI = .92–1.83 ; d= 1.71; CI = 1.23 – 2.18). |
| Clements & Holtzworth-Munroe (2009) | M & F | Married; Community | N=66; Couples; SNV (14), DNV (14), IPV (38) | Emotion Checklist; After conflict discussions with spouse there were no differences between IPV and NV for males and females, respectively on reported tense/anxious/fear-related (d= −.16, CI = n.s.; d= .30, CI = n.s.), anger/contempt/disgust (d= .02, CI = n.s.; d= −.12, CI = n.s.), or sad/discouraged (d= −1.14, CI = n.s.; d= .14, CI = n.s.) emotions. |
| Cogan & Fennell (2007) | M & F | Dating; Community | N=396; Males: NV (44), MSIPV (9), VO (75), GV(65); Females: NV(64), MSIPV (26), VO (27), GV (86) | CES-D, TAS; IPV groups reported greater depression than NV among males (d= .41, CI = .07 – .75), and females (d= .28, CI = .02–.56). Greater trait anger reported among IPV groups than NV for males (d=.84, CI = .47–1.21) but not females (d=.35, n.s.). |
| Costa & Babcock (2008) | M | Married or dating cohabitating “as if married”; Community | N=178; SNV (21), DNV (27), MSIPV (130) | ATSS; MSIPV articulated more anger than SNV and DNV across ATSS scenarios (d = .39, CI = .06 – .72), and reported more anger than SNV, specifically (d = .61, CI = .15 – 1.08). |
| Date & Ronan (2000) | M | Married, Dating non-cohabitating, other non-specified; Incarcerated | N=59; NV (20), IPV (20), VO (20) | TAS; Violent to non-partner only scored higher than NV (d=1.14, CI = .47 – 1.82). |
| Dewhurst, Moore, & Alfano (2008) | M | Relationship type not reported; Clinical, Incarcerated, CCG | N=73; NV (22), IPV (22), GV (10), SO (19) | BPI; Greater depression reported among IPV groups than NV (d=.80, CI = .29 – 1.32). No differences between groups on anxiety (d= .40, CI = n.s.). |
| Dutton & Browning (1988) | M | Married; CCG, Clinical | N=60; NV (18) – some levels of IPV, VA (18), CLIPV (24) | Using anger self ratings, CLIPV scored higher on anger during the abandonment scene than VA or NV (d=.68, CI = .15 – 1.21). |
| Dutton & Starzomski (1993) | M | Married*; Clinical, Incarcerated, CCG *Wife reports of IPV | N=75; NV* (17), *IPV in control group, CLIPV(32), INCIPV (26) | MAI; Across all groups, medium correlation between total anger and severe IPV (d=.49 C.I.= .04 −.95) and no correlation between total anger and CTS total (d=.14, CI = n.s.). |
| Dutton et al. (1994) | M | Married, Other relationships, unknown; Community, Clinical | N=160; NV* (40) *IPV in control group, MSIPV (120) | MAI; MSIPV higher anger than NV (d=.31, CI = .0004 – .62). |
| Dutton, Starzomski, & Ryan (1996) | M | Married; Clinical, CCG | N=185; NV* (45) *IPV in control group, CLIPV (140) | MAI; CLIPV reported more anger than NV (d=.41, CI = .07 – .75). |
| Dye & Eckhardt (2000) | M & F | Dating cohabitating and non-cohabitating; Clinical, CCG | N=257; Males: SNV (71), MSIPV (24); Females: SNV (109), MSIPV (43) | STAXI; For males, SNV reported greater anger control than MSIPV (d= −.49, CI = − .96 – −.02). For females, MSIPV had higher anger out (d=.51, CI = .15 – .87) and anger expression scores (d= .45, CI = .09 – .80). |
| Eckhardt & Kassinove (1998) | M | Married; Community/ Community mixed IPV group, CCG | N=40; SNV (20), IPV (20) | ATSS; SNV had more anger control strategies across ATSS scenarios than CLIPV (d= −.77, CI = −1.41 – −.13). |
| Eckhardt, Barbour, & Davidson (1998) | M | Married; Community | N=88; SNV (34), DNV (23), IPV (31) | ATSS; IPV articulated more hostile attribution biases than DNV (d=.84, CI = .28 – 1.40) and SNV (d=1.04, CI = .52 – 1.56). During anger scenario, SNV scored higher on anger control statements than IPV (d= −.98, CI = −1.49 – −.46), and there were no differences between IPV and DNV (d= −.19, CI = ns). |
| Eckhardt (2007) | M | Married; Community | N=102; NV (56), IPV (46) | STAXI-2; IPV higher scores than NV on trait anger (d=.80, CI = .39 – 1.20) and anger out (d=.74, CI = .34 – 1.14). NV scored higher than IPV on anger control/out (d= −.53, CI = −.93 – −.13) and anger control/in (d= −.49, CI = −.89 – − .09). No difference between groups on anger in (d= .31, ns). |
| Eckhardt et al., (2008) | M | Married, Dating cohabitating, Single, Separated, Divorced; Clinical | N=199; LMIPV: FO (61); MSIPV (138) comprised of: LLA (86), DB (40), GV (12) | HAT, TAS; MSIPV scored higher on trait anger than LMIPV (d=1.11, CI = .79 – 1.44). MSIPV also scored higher than LMIPV on the HAT (d=.63, CI = .32 − .94). |
| Eckhardt, Jamison, & Watts (2002) | M | Dating non-cohabitating; Community | N=33; NV (16), LMIPV (17) | STAXI, ATSS; LMIPV higher overall score on STAXI trait anger (d=1.73 CI = .93 – 2.53), anger in (d=.78, CI = .07 – 1.48), anger out (d=2.12, CI = 1.26 – 2.97) than NV except for anger control (d= −1.80, CI = −2.61 – −.99). No difference between groups on ATSS anger expression variables (d= −.09, CI = ns), or other negative emotions (d= −.43, ns). |
| Else et al. (1993) | M | Married, Divorced, Separated, Never Married; Clinical, CCG | N=42; NV (21), CLIPV (21) | HDHQ, MMPI, BDI; No difference between CLIPV and NV on hostility (d=.45, CI = ns). CLIPV did not differ from NV on reported depression across two measures (d=.19, CI = ns). |
| Feldbau-Kohn, Heyman, & O’Leary (1998) | M | Married; Clinical | N=89; MSIPV | State-Trait Anger Scale, BDI; Medium sized correlations between IPV and state-trait anger (d= .58, CI = .16 – 1.01) and IPV and depression (d=.43, CI = .01 – .85). |
| Follingstad et al. (1992) | M | Dating cohabitating or non-cohabitating, Married; Community | N=74; LMIPV (37) – termed “non-abusive” but IPV reported, MSIPV (37) | BDHI; MSIPV had higher BHDI assault scores than LMIPV (d=.63, CI = .17 – 1.10). No differences between groups on BDHI verbal (d= −.14, CI = ns) or irritable scores (d= −.12, CI = ns). |
| Gavazzi, Julian, & McKenry (1996) | M | Married, Dating cohabitating; Clinical/ Community mixed, CCG | N=152; NV (100), IPV (52) | BSI; IPV had higher scores than NV on depression (d=.46, CI = .12 – .80), anxiety (d=.45, CI = .12 – .79), and hostility (d=.67, CI = .33 – 1.02). |
| Gordis, Margolin, & Vickerman (2005) | M | Married; Community | N=90; NV (38), IPV over 1 year ago (23), recent IPV (29) | Marital Coding System (observational); Greater hostility observed for IPV groups compared to NV (d=.60, CI = .18 – 1.03). IPV within past year reported greater hostility than IPV perpetrated over 1 year ago (d=1.07, CI = .49 – 1.66) and NV (d=1.17, CI = .65–1.70). |
| Graham et al. (2012) | M & F | Rel. type not reported; Community | N=577; Males: BDIPV (128), LMIPV (56); Females BDIPV (157); LMIPV (236) | Composite International Diagnostic Interview; Odds ratios between IPV and depression for males (d=.29, OR = 3.37, p = .001) and females (d = .35, OR = 4.35, p = .001). |
| Greene, Coles, & Johnson (1994) | M | Dating Cohabitating, Married, Divorced, Single; Clinical | N=40; 4 IPV groups based on personality clusters; Histrionic (9), Depressed (11), Normal (11), Disturbed (9) | Histrionic and Depressed IPV clusters had lower STAXI anger expression scores than Normal and Disturbed IPV clusters (d= 1.38, CI = .69 – 2.06). Histrionic cluster had highest Hysteria scale score (d=.77, CI = .01 – 1.53), Normal cluster had the lowest (d=.69, CI = .004 – 1.37). No difference between Normal and all other clusters on depression (d=.55, CI = ns). |
| Hamberger et al. (1996) | M | Married; Clinical | N=833; MSIPV (148), LLA (212), LMIPV (335) | NAS; BDI; Non-pathological MSIPV and LLA clusters scored higher on the NAS than the LMIPV passive-aggressive dependent cluster (d=.64; CI=.49 – .79). MSIPV higher depression scores than LLA and LMIPV (d=.90; CI=.72–1.09) |
| Hastings & Hamberger (1988) | M | Married, Single, Divorced, Separated; Clinical, CCG | N=168; DNV (43), IPV alcohol problems (47), IPV no-alcohol problems (78) | NAS, MCMI, BDI; DNV had higher anger scores than both IPV groups (d= − .48, CI = −.88 – −.08). IPV with and without alcohol problems reported more depression than DNV, respectively (d=.85, CI = .42 – 1.28; d=.66, CI = .28 – 1.04) on the BDI. IPV reported more depression (d=.76, CI = .41 – 1.12) and anxiety (d=.68, CI = .33 – 1.04) than DNV on MCMI. |
| Hershorn & Rosenbaum (1991) | M | Dating cohabitating and non-cohabitating, Married, Separated, Single; Clinical | N=41; MSIPV (17 overcontrolled /24 undercontrolled) | BDHI; Overcontrolled hostile more severe IPV (d=.87, CI = .22 – 1.52), but less frequent IPV (d=.73, CI = .09 – 1.37) than undercontrolled hostile. |
| Holtzworth-Munroe et al. (2000) | M | Married; Community | N=164; SNV (39), DNV (23), FO (37), DB (15), LLA (34), MSIPV (16) | SPAFF; IPV groups rated higher on anger/hostility composite than SNV and DNV (d=.66; CI = .34–.98). SNV group had the lowest score on anger/hostility (d=.79, CI = .42–1.16). No differences between groups on rated sadness (d= −.06, n.s.). |
| Holtzworth-Munroe & Smutzler (1996) | M | Married; Community/ Clinical mixed IPV sample; CCG | N=97; SNV (28), DNV (23), CLIPV (25), CMIPV (21) | Biglan rating system; There were no significant difference between IPV and NV groups on anger (d=.21, CI = ns) or hostility (d=.30, CI = ns) in response to written and videotaped stimuli. |
| Jacobson et al. (1994) | M | Married; Community/C linical mixed sample | N=92; DNV (32), MSIPV (60) | SPAFF; MSIPV scored higher on SPAFF anger/contempt composite (d=.48, CI = .03−.93), and belligerence (d=.50, CI = .07 – .93) than DNV. There were no differences between groups on sadness (d= – .04, n.s.) or tension/fear (d=.17, n.s.). |
| Julian & McKenry (1993) | M | Married, Separated, Divorced, Single; Community/ Clinical mixed sample | N=94; NV (50), IPV (42) | CES-D; NV scored higher on depression than IPV (d= −.55, CI = −.94 – −.13). |
| Kendra, Bell, & Guimond (2012) | F | Dating cohabitating & non-cohabitating; Community | N=496; LMIPV | MAI; Medium sized correlation between anger arousal and IPV (d=.47, CI = .29 – .65) |
| Kim & Capaldi (2004) | M & F | Dating cohabitating/ non-cohabitating, Married; Community | N=158; Couples; IPV Wave 2 (158), IPV Wave 3 (148) *Waves were 3 years apart, same sample with attrition | CES-D; Depression and IPV are correlated at wave 2 for females (d=.77, CI = .45–1.10) but not males (d=.16, n.s.). Wave 2 depression is correlated with wave 3 IPV for females (d=.70, CI = .37– 1.03) and males (d=.47, CI = .15 – .80). |
| Leonard & Senchak (1993) | M | Married; Community | N=607; IPV | STAXI Trait Anger, BDHI, and permissiveness for aggression composite; Moderate correlation between anger/hostility composite and IPV (d =.61, CI= .44 −.77). |
| Maiuro, Cahn, & Vitaliano (1986) | M | Married, Dating Cohabitating; | N=107, NV (29), IPV (78) | BDHI; IPV had higher BDHI scores than NV (d = .86, CI = .42 – 1.30). |
| Maiuro, Vitaliano, & Cahn (1987) | M | Never married, Separated/ Divorced, Married; Clinical, CCG | N=119, NV (26), LMIPV (30), VO (26), MSIPV (37) | BAAQ; IPV scored higher than NV (d=1.38, CI = .91 – 1.85). No difference between LMIPV and MSIPV on BAAQ (d= −.08, CI = ns). |
| Maiuro et al. (1988) | M | Cohabitating/ never married, Separated/ divorced, Married; Clinical, CCG | N=129; NV (29), LMIPV (39), VO (29), MSIPV (38) | BDHI, HDHQ, BDI; IPV scored higher on BDHI (d=.85, CI = .42 – 1.27) and HDHQ (d=.86, CI= .44 – 1.29) than NV. LMIPV scored higher than NV, VO, and MSIPV on depression (d = −1.26, CI = − 1.63 – −.88). |
| Margolin (1988) | M & F | Married; Community | N=45; Couples; IPV (25) – PA and VA; NV (20) – includes WI type with some IPV | NAI, MMPI; No differences between IPV and NV for husbands and wives, respectively, on anger (d=.55, CI = ns; d= −.02, CI = ns), depression (d=.59, CI = ns; d=.29, CI = ns), or hysteria (d=.42, CI = ns; d=.16, CI = ns). |
| Margolin, John, & Foo (1998) | M | Married; Community | N=171; NV (140): Emot. Abusive (69), Non Abusive (71); IPV (31): Phys. & Emot. Abusive | BDHI; IPV Phys. and Emot. Abusive scored higher than both NV groups (d= .46, CI = .07 – .85). Emot. Abusive NV scored higher on BDHI than Non Abusive (d=.40, CI = .07 – .74). |
| Margolin, John, & Gleberman (1988) | M & F | Married; Community | N=78; SNV (19), IPV groups: IPV (19), VA (18), WI (22) | Self-reported affective state after conflict discussion with spouse; IPV groups scored higher than NV for husbands and wives, respectively, on anger (d=1.16, CI = .60 – 1.72; d=1.35, CI = .78 – 1.92), anxiety (d=.93, CI = .39 – 1.48; d= 1.08, CI = .53 – 1.63), and sadness (d=.94, CI = .39 – 1.49; d=.85, CI = .30 – 1.39). |
| McNulty & Hellmuth (2008) | M & F | Married; Community | N=123; Males: LMIPV (61); Females MSIPV (62) | PANAS; IPV was not significantly correlated with negative affect for husbands (d=.12, CI = n.s.) or wives (d=.39, CI = ns). |
| Murphy, Taft, & Eckhardt (2007) | M | Dating cohabitating and non-cohabitating, Separated; Clinical | N=139; IPV: Pathological Anger (26), Low Anger Control (40), Normal Anger (70) | Pathological anger group reported more IPV than low anger control and normal anger groups at pre tx (d=.79, CI = .35 – 1.22), post tx (d=.59, CI = .15 −1.02), and at 6 month follow up (d=.61, CI = .18 – 1.04). |
| Pan, Neidig, & O’Leary (1994) | M | Married and other non-specified; Army population | N=11,870; LMIPV | Modified BDI, 15 items; Odds ratios between depression and mild (d= 1.04) and severe IPV (d= .86). |
| Saunders (1992) | M | Married; Clinical | N=165; LMIPV (86), MSIPV: GV (48), EV (31) | NAS, BDI; MSIPV higher in anger (d= .69, CI = .37 – 1.00) and depression (d = .79, CI = .47 – 1.11) than LMIPV. |
| Schumacher et al. (2008) | M & F | Married; Community | N=634; Couples; 4 Longitudinal Waves | 10 item hostility measure; Medium correlations between hostility and IPV averaged across time of marriage and 1, 2, and 4 year anniversaries for males (d=.54, CI = .38 – .70) and females (d=.57, CI = .41 – .73). |
| Shorey et al. (2010) | F | Married, Dating Cohabitating; Clinical | N=80; MSIPV | STAXI Trait Anger Scales; Large sized correlation between physical IPV and trait anger (d=1.07, CI = .60–1.53). |
| Shorey et al. (2012) | M | Married, Dating cohabitating and non-cohabitating, single, divorced, separated; Clinical | N=308; CLIPV | PDSQ; Small to medium correlations for IPV and depression (d=.41, CI= .18 – .63), PTSD (d=.54, CI = .31−.77), GAD and social phobia (d=.54, CI = .31−.77, respectively), and panic disorder (d=.39, CI = .16 – .61). |
| Sullivan et al. (2013) | F | Relationship type not reported; Community | N=369; CMIPV | CES-D; STAI: State-Anxiety subscale; Small correlation between IPV and depression (d=.24, CI = .04 – .44). No correlation between IPV and anxiety (d= − .04, ns). |
| Swan et al. (2005) | F | Relationship type not reported; Community/ Clinical mixed sample | N=108; IPV | CES-D, Anger Expression Scale; Medium sized correlations between IPV and anger in (d=.63, CI = .24–1.02) and anger control (d= −.49, CI = −.88 – −.11). Large sized correlations between IPV and depression (d=.70, CI = .31–1.09) and IPV anger out (d=.98, CI = .58–1.38). |
| Swan & Snow (2003) | F | Relationship type not reported; Clinical | N=95; IPV groups varied on coercion by male or female and female as sole aggressor; VNV (32) | Anger Expression Scale, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, CES-D; VNV, interestingly, scored higher on anger in than IPV groups (d=−.44, CI = −.87 – −.01). No differences between groups on anger out (d=.20, n.s.) or anger control (d=.29, n.s.). VNV reported greater anxiety (d= − .73, CI = −1.17 – −.30) and depression (d= − 1.26, CI = −1.72 – −.80) than IPV groups. |
| Tharp et al. (2012) | M | Dating Cohabitating/ Married/other; Community | N=121; LMIPV | BDHI; Large sized correlation between IPV and hostility (d=.93, CI = .55 – 1.30). |
| Tweed & Dutton (1998) | M | Rel. type not reported; Clinical | N=114; NV (44), LMIPV (70) – 2 groups based on personality types | MCMI-II, MAI; LMIPV greater anger than NV (d= .47, CI = .09 – .85). Impulsive LMIPV reported greater anger than NV (d = .63, CI = .18 – 1.07). Impulsive LMIPV had greater depression (d = −1.37, CI = −1.89 – −.85) and anxiety (d = −1.31, CI = −1.83 – −.79) scores than Instrumental LMIPV. |
| Waltz, Babcock, & Gottman (2000) | M | Married; Community | N=103; DNV (32), GV (17), Pathological (16), Family Only (38) | SPAFF; No difference between IPV groups and DNV on SPAFF anger (d=.21, CI = n.s.), tension/fear (d=.13, CI = n.s.), or sadness (d=.28, CI = n.s.). IPV groups scored higher on SPAFF contempt than DNV (d=.46, CI = .03−.88). |
a
Sex = sex of IPV perpetrator; Construct = Anger (A), Hostility ( H), and Negative Emotion (NE); ( ) = N for each subgroup; CI = 95% confidence interval; IPV = intimate partner violence (severity unspecified); LMIPV = low/moderate IPV; MSIPV = moderate/severe IPV; NV = non-violent; DNV = distressed/dissatisfied non-violent; SNV = satisfied non-violent; VO = violent outside intimate relationship; GV = generally violent within and outside of intimate relationship; SO = sex offenders; DB = dysphoric/borderline; EV= emotionally volatile; FO = family only; LLA = low-level antisocial; VNV = nonviolent victim of IPV; VA = verbally abusive; WI = nonviolent withdrawing; CLIPV = clinical IPV; CMIPV = community IPV; BDIPV = bidirectional IPV; INCIPV = incarcerated IPV.