Table 2.

Physiological measures.

		Nonsmokers (n=20)	Smokers (n=23)
ACTH (pg/mL)
Pre-pain baseline		13.8 (1.6)	14.1 (1.4)
Pre-pain rest		12.0 (1.5)	13.1 (1.3)
Post-pain rest 1 (30 m after)		13.5 (1.6)	11.9 (1.4)
Post-pain rest 2 (60 m after)		13.1 (1.6)	13.1 (1.4)
Plasma cortisol (µg/dL)a
Pre-pain baseline		10.7 (1.2)	8.2 (1.1)
Pre-pain rest		6.6 (0.8)	6.1 (0.7)
Post-pain rest 1 (30 m after)		6.7 (0.7)	6.6 (0.6)
Post-pain rest 2 (60 m after)		6.4 (0.8)	7.4 (0.7)
Salivary cortisol (nmol/L)ab
Pre-pain baseline		7.0 (1.0)	10.4 (0.9)
Pre-pain rest		4.2 (0.7)	6.9 (0.7)
Post-pain rest 1 (30 m after)		4.1 (0.7)	7.1 (0.6)
Post-pain rest 2 (60 m after)		3.5 (0.8)	6.7 (0.7)
Systolic BP (mmHg)
Pre-pain baseline		112.8 (2.7)	115.7 (2.5)
Pre-pain rest		110.8 (2.5)	113.6 (2.4)
Post-pain rest		113.2 (2.4)	115.6 (2.3)
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
Pre-pain baseline		61.2 (1.9)	63.2 (1.7)
Pre-pain rest		61.5 (1.7)	62.7 (1.6)
Post-pain rest		64.2 (1.9)	64.8 (1.8)
Heart rate (bpm)c
Pre-pain baseline		63.3 (1.8)	67.5 (1.7)
Pre-pain rest		61.4 (1.9)	64.7 (1.7)
Post-pain rest		62.2 (1.9)	62.2 (1.8)

Entries show mean (standard error of the mean). Note: ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic hormone; BP = blood pressure; bpm = beats per minute.

^aTime effect was significant.

^bGroup effect was significant.

^cGroup × time interaction was significant.