Table 3.
Fontan Cross-Sectional Study Patient Characteristics by Ventricular Morphology
| Characteristic | LV | RV | MIXED | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD, Median or % |
Mean ± SD, Median or % |
Mean ± SD, Median or % |
P-value | Age-adj. P-value |
|
| N | 265(49%) | 184(34%) | 97(18%) | ||
| Age at enrollment, yr | 12.0 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 0.011* | |
| Age at Fontan, yr | 3.5±2.0 | 3.2±2.1 | 3.7±2.4 | 0.240 | |
| Age at volume unloading surgery, yr | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.2 | <.001* | |
| Fontan Type | 0.017 | .102 | |||
| Atriopulmonary Connection | 19% | 7% | 10% | ||
| TCPC intracardiac lateral tunnel | 54% | 67% | 60% | ||
| TCPC extracardiac lateral tunnel | 11% | 14% | 13% | ||
| TCPC extracardiac conduit | 14% | 11% | 11% | ||
| Other | 2% | 1% | 3% | ||
| Stage II surgery performed | 68% | 88% | 69% | <.001 | <.001 |
| Serology | |||||
| Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/mL | 12 | 15 | 13 | 0.553* | 0.417 |
| Echocardiographic Measures | |||||
| Heart rate z-score | −0.27±0.99 | −0.10±0.97 | −0.21 ±0.93 | 0.238 | 0.243 |
| End-diastolic volume z-score | −0.8±1.9 (N=219) |
−0.4±2.0 (N=156) |
−1.1±1.5 (N=39) |
0.044 | 0.045 |
| End-systolic volume z-score | −0.1±2.2 | 0.8±2.7 | −0.4±2.1 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Ejection fraction z-score | −0.6±1.8 | −1.4±2.3 | −0.5±2.1 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Stroke volume z-score | −1.0±1.8 | −1.1±1.9 | −1.4±1.4 | 0.460 | 0.384 |
| Mass z-score | 0.8±2.2 (N=216) |
1.1±2.3 (N=154) |
1.9±1.8 (N=36) |
0.018 | 0.006 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 60±9 (N=219) |
56±12 (N=156) |
61±11 (N=39) |
<.001 | <.001 |
| Mass:volume ratio, g/mL | 1.17±0.33 (N=216) |
1.19±0.43 (N=154) |
1.52±0.42 (N=36) |
<.001 | <.001 |
| Mass:volume ratio z score | 2.37±2.74 | 2.50±3.63 | 4.99±3.18 | <.001 | <.001 |
| dP/dtic, mm Hg/s | 1209 (N=220) |
1077 (N=150) |
1073 (N=79) |
0.071* | 0.062 |
| Tei index (by Tissue Doppler) | 0.58 (N=216) |
0.63 (N=158) |
0.64 (N=75) |
<.001* | <.001 |
| E’, cm/sec | 10.0±3.2 (N=222) |
8.0±2.8 (N=155) |
10.4±3.9 (N=75) |
<.001 | <.001 |
| E:A ratio | 1.48 (N=169) |
1.45 (N=109) |
1.54 (N=66) |
0.730* | 0.593 |
| E:E’ ratio | 7.21 (N=147) |
10.00 (N=94) |
6.96 (N=56) |
<.001* | <.001 |
| Systemic ventricular FP rate, cm/sec | 64±18 (N=71) |
64±22 (N=51) |
62±19 (N=21) |
0.907 | 0.899 |
| Restrictive pattern present | 53% | 51% | 52% | 0.974 | 0.879 |
| Diastolic dysfunction grade | 0.035 | 0.100 | |||
| Normal | 32% | 19% | 32% | ||
| Impaired relaxation | 9% | 10% | 8% | ||
| Pseudonormalization | 33% | 53% | 42% | ||
| Restrictive | 26% | 18% | 18% | ||
| Overall AV valve regurgitation | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| None | 38% | 12% | 20% | ||
| Mild | 48% | 69% | 49% | ||
| Moderate | 15% | 18% | 31% | ||
| Severe | 0% | <1% | 0% | ||
| Semilunar valve regurgitation ** | .004 | 0.001 | |||
| None | 58% | 35% | 58% | ||
| Mild | 34% | 55% | 32% | ||
| Moderate | 8% | 10% | 10% | ||
| Cardiac MRI | |||||
| N | 100 | 55 | 38 | ||
| End-diastolic volume /BSA1.3, mL/m2 | 79±22 (N=86) |
93±29 (N=44) |
92±24 (N=31) |
0.003 | 0.012 |
| End-systolic volume /BSA1.3, mL/m2 | 34±14 | 43±21 | 38±11 | 0.011 | 0.019 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 57±9 | 55±11 | 59±7 | 0.176 | 0.122 |
| Stroke volume /BSA, mL/ m2 | 49±13 | 51±13 | 57±16 | 0.015 | 0.019 |
| Mass / BSA1.3, mL/m2 | 70±20 | 75±21 | 73±20 | 0.328 | 0.290 |
| Mass:volume ratio, mL/mL | 0.92±0.32 | 0.87±0.33 | 0.82±0.22 | 0.274 | 0.402 |
| Exercise Performance Measures | |||||
| N | 219 | 128 | 65 | ||
| Peak VO2, mL/kg/min | 27±7 (N=216) |
26±7 (N=124) |
26±7 (N=50) |
0.445 | 0.226 |
| Percent predicted peak VO2 | 66±17 | 63±16 | 63±16 | 0.141 | 0.031 |
| Peak VO2 consumption at AT, mL/kg/min | 19±6 (N=173) |
19±7 (N=94) |
18±6 (N=50) |
0.795 | 0.352 |
| Percent predicted VAT | 80±24 | 76±25 | 75±24 | 0.269 | 0.061 |
| Maximum heart rate, bpm | 155±23 (N=215) |
153±23 (N=126) |
153±25 (N=64) |
0.837 | 0.795 |
| Measures of Functional Status | |||||
| CHQ-PF Physical Summary Score | 44.7±12.4 | 45.5±11.4 | 46.4±11.0 | 0.487 | 0.531 |
| CHQ-PF Psychosocial Summary Score | 48.0±10.0 | 46.4±11.8 | 46.7±11.1 | 0.261 | 0.288 |
Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding
P-value is from analysis of variance for continuous outcomes and chi-square test for categorical outcomes unless otherwise specified
*
Kruskal-Wallis test p-value
See Table 1 footnote for abbreviations legend
N = number of subjects for whom data are available