Table 1.

Baseline demographic and maternal characteristics in treatment groups (n = 206).

Parameters	Group	Mean ± SD	P valuea	P valueb	P valuec
Age (years)	Metformin alone	31.75 ± 2.82	0.05*
	Metformin + insulin	34.09 ± 3.51		0.07
	Insulin alone	33.73 ± 2.95			0.956
Parity	Metformin alone	2.56 ± 1.15	0.550
	Metformin + insulin	2.83 ± 1.18		0.038*
	Insulin alone	3.18 ± 1.15			0.025*
BMI-early pregnancy (kg/m2)	Metformin alone	28.25 ± 1.98	<0.01*
	Metformin + insulin	33.59 ± 3.97		<0.01*
	Insulin alone	32.96 ± 4.04			0.171
BMI-late pregnancy (kg/m2)	Metformin alone	32.47 ± 2.19	<0.01*
	Metformin + insulin	38.09 ± 4.26		<0.01*
	Insulin alone	38.01 ± 4.18			0.714
Total weight gain in pregnancy (Kg)	Metformin alone	10.38 ± 1.20	0.868
	Metformin + insulin	10.52 ± 1.14		<0.01*
	Insulin alone	11.80 ± 0.86			<0.01*
FBS at starting treatment (mg/dl)	Metformin alone	138.06 ± 45.58	0.304
	Metformin + insulin	144.14 ± 29.64		0.877
	Insulin alone	139.85 ± 29.43			0.155
RBS at starting treatment (mg/dl)	Metformin alone	192.88 ± 25.56	0.326
	Metformin + insulin	195.03 ± 21.69		0.041*
	Insulin alone	201.21 ± 16.78			0.158
Mean FBS throughout pregnancy (mg/dl)	Metformin alone	97.87 ± 3.83	0.586
	Metformin + insulin	97.50 ± 3.35		0.672
	Insulin alone	97.55 ± 3.29			0.962
Mean RBS throughout pregnancy (mg/dl)	Metformin alone	136.79 ± 5.34	0.176
	Metformin + insulin	134.79 ± 5.69		0.237
	Insulin alone	135.31 ± 4.64			0.944

P value calculated by using independent t-test∖Mann-Whitney U test.

^aComparison between means of metformin alone and metformin + insulin groups.

^bComparison between means of metformin alone and insulin alone.

^cComparison between means of metformin + insulin and insulin alone.

^*Significant level ≤0.05.

FBS: fasting blood glucose.

RBS: random blood glucose.