Table 4.

Pharmacotherapeutic characteristics in treatment groups (n = 206).

Parameters	Group	Mean ± SD	P valuea	P valueb	P valuec
Dose of drug
Metformin: mean dose grams/day	Metformin alone	2.21 ± 0.63	0.665
	Metformin + insulin	2.29 ± 0.64		—
	Insulin alone	—			—
Insulin: mean dose units/day	Metformin alone	—	—
	Metformin + insulin	23.69 ± 4.61		—
	Insulin alone	77.62 ± 12.69			<0.01*
Mean gestational age when insulin started (weeks)	Metformin alone	—	—
	Metformin + insulin	26.58 ± 3.85		—
	Insulin alone	9.55 ± 5.21			<0.01*
Financial benefits
Total cost throughout pregnancy (PKR)	Metformin alone	448 ± 131	<0.01*
	Metformin + insulin	5004 ± 754		<0.01*
	Insulin alone	10976 ± 6339			<0.01*
Total cost throughout pregnancy (USD)	Metformin alone	4.39 ± 1.01	<0.01*
	Metformin + insulin	49.05 ± 7.39		<0.01*
	Insulin alone	107.60 ± 62.14			<0.01*

P value calculated by using Mann-Whitney U test.

^aComparison between means of metformin alone and metformin + insulin groups.

^bComparison between means of metformin alone and insulin alone groups.

^cComparison between means of metformin + insulin and insulin alone groups.

^*Significant level ≤0.05.

PKR: Pakistani rupee.

USD: US dollar.