Table 1.
Diagnostic tests used for the study
| Organism/diagnostic tests | Supplier | Catalog number | Diagnostic criteria | Methodological reference or validation study | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orientia tsutsugamushi | |||||
| IgM ELISA | NMRC | In house | ≥ 0.2 nett OD | 11 | Serological screening |
| IgG ELISA | NMRC | In house | ≥ 0.2 nett OD | 11 | Serological screening |
| IgM IFA | ARRL | RT-001 | ≥ Fourfold rising titer in paired samples | 12 | Quantitative serological confirmation |
| IgG IFA | ARRL | RT-001 | ≥ Fourfold rising titer in paired samples | 12 | Quantitative serological confirmation |
| Real-time PCR | MORU | In house | 47-kDa gene amplification | 13 | |
| R. typhi | |||||
| IgM ELISA | NMRC | In house | ≥ 0.2 nett OD | 11 | Serological screening |
| IgG ELISA | NMRC | In house | ≥ 0.2 nett OD | 11 | Serological screening |
| IgM IFA | ARRL | RT-001 | ≥ Fourfold rising titer in paired samples | 12 | Quantitative serological confirmation |
| IgG IFA | ARRL | RT-001 | ≥ Fourfold rising titer in paired samples | 12 | Quantitative serological confirmation |
| Real-time PCR | MORU | In house | ompB gene amplification | 14 | Confirmation of infection |
| Rickettsia spp. | |||||
| Real-time PCR | MORU | In house | 17-kDa gene amplification | 13 | Confirmation of infection |
| Coxiella burnetti | |||||
| Phase II IgM ELISA | Serion | ESR1312M | Manufacturer's criteria | Product insert | Serological screening |
| Phase I/II IFA | Fuller | Manufacturer's criteria | Product insert | Quantitative serological confirmation | |
| Hantavirus Puumala | |||||
| IgM ELISA | Serion | ESR145M | Manufacturer's criteria | Product insert | Serological screening |
| Anti-Hantavirus IIFT Mosaic II Test | Euroimmun | Quantitative serological confirmation | |||
| Leptospira | |||||
| IgM ELISA | Serion | ESR125M | Manufacturer's criteria | Product insert | Serological screening |
| Microscopic agglutination test* | QSHL | In house | ≥ Fourfold rising titer in paired samples | 15 | Quantitative serological confirmation |
| Brucella spp. | |||||
| Rose–Bengal | NIAH | In house | Positive agglutination reaction | 16 | Serological screening |
| Dengue | |||||
| SD NS1 Ag ELISA | Alere | 11EK50 | Manufacturer's criteria | 17 | Serological screening |
ARRL = Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFA = indirect immunofluorescence assay; Ig = immunoglobulin; IIFT = indirect immunofluorescence test; MORU = Mahidol Oxford Research Unit; nett OD = net optical density (net stands for the difference from baseline to measured values); NIAH = National Institute of Animal Health–Thailand; NMRC = Naval Medical Research Centre; QSHL = Queensland State Health Laboratory; SD NS1 Ag = standard diagnostics non-structural protein number one (refers to Dengue virus protein) antigen.
Leptospira serovars tested: pomona, hardjo, tarassovi, grippotyphosa, celledoni, copenhageni, australis, pyrogenes, canicola, hebdomadis, sari, sarmin, autumnalis, cynopteri, ballum, bataviae, djasiman, javanica, panama, shermani, and pohnpei.