Figure 7. A summary scheme for tylophorine-targeted anti-cancer pathways.

The solid lines indicate the direct targeting of tylophorine compounds to caprin-1, c-Myc, and the related pathways. The dashed lines indicate the previously published c-Jun-mediated anti-cancer mechanism of tylophorine[25] including the results shown in Supplemental Figure 2 for decreased PTEN. The elevation of c-Jun by tylophorine compounds is not affected by ectopically overexpressed c-Myc as shown in Supplemental Figure 3 indicating that the tylophorine compounds target the caprin-1 and c-Myc mRNA-containing RNP complexes in parallel with their effects on c-Jun accumulation to elicit anti-cancer activity.