Table 3. Adjusteda odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between flavonoid and lignan intakes and oesophageal and gastric cancer incidence by tumour type, USA Multicenter Study: Connecticut, New Jersey, and Western Washington State, 1993–1995.
|
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OEA) |
Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) |
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OES) |
Other gastric adenocarcinoma (OGA) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable and intake (mg per day) | Controls (N=662) | Cases (N=274) | OR (95% CI) | Cases (N=248) | OR (95% CI) | Cases (N=191) | OR (95% CI) | Cases (N=341) | OR (95% CI) |
|
Total flavonoids | |||||||||
| 0–63.81 | 165 | 83 | 1.00 | 59 | 1.00 | 48 | 1.00 | 80 | 1.00 |
| 63.82–97.90 | 166 | 54 | 0.62 (0.41, 0.93)b,c | 60 | 1.00 (0.65, 1.54) | 35 | 0.64 (0.38, 1.07)b | 84 | 1.01 (0.69, 1.49)c |
| 97.91–217.35 | 165 | 57 | 0.64 (0.42, 0.97) | 54 | 0.90 (0.58, 1.41) | 61 | 1.11 (0.69, 1.77) | 78 | 0.92 (0.62, 1.37) |
| ⩾217.36 | 166 | 80 | 0.92 (0.63, 1.37) | 75 | 1.32 (0.87, 2.00) | 47 | 0.87 (0.53, 1.41) | 99 | 1.08 (0.73, 1.58) |
| P for trendd | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.42 | 0.50 | |||||
|
Anthocyanidins | |||||||||
| 0–7.21 | 166 | 98 | 1.00 | 67 | 1.00 | 67 | 1.00 | 92 | 1.00 |
| 7.22–11.53 | 165 | 69 | 0.65 (0.45, 0.96) | 67 | 0.98 (0.65, 1.47) | 51 | 0.68 (0.43, 1.06) | 89 | 0.91 (0.63, 1.32) |
| 11.54–18.47 | 165 | 59 | 0.54 (0.36, 0.81)c,e | 63 | 0.91 (0.60, 1.38)e | 37 | 0.44 (0.27, 0.72) | 91 | 0.89 (0.61, 1.29)c |
| ⩾18.48 | 166 | 48 | 0.43 (0.29, 0.66) | 51 | 0.71 (0.46, 1.10) | 36 | 0.43 (0.26, 0.70) | 69 | 0.70 (0.47, 1.03) |
| P for trendd | 0.06c,e | 0.91e | 0.11 | 0.10c | |||||
|
Flavan-3-ols | |||||||||
| 0–10.29 | 165 | 75 | 1.00 | 59 | 1.00 | 45 | 1.00 | 71 | 1.00 |
| 10.30–22.00 | 166 | 61 | 0.72 (0.48, 1.09)c | 50 | 0.77 (0.50, 1.20) | 37 | 0.78 (0.47, 1.30) | 101 | 1.45 (0.99, 2.14)c |
| 22.01–130.69 | 165 | 56 | 0.65 (0.43, 1.00) | 69 | 1.05 (0.69, 1.61) | 62 | 1.24 (0.77, 2.00) | 68 | 0.98 (0.65, 1.48) |
| ⩾130.70 | 166 | 82 | 1.02 (0.69, 1.51) | 70 | 1.17 (0.77, 1.78) | 47 | 0.98 (0.60, 1.59) | 101 | 1.30 (0.88, 1.92) |
| P for trendd | 0.32 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.36 | |||||
|
Flavanones | |||||||||
| 0–11.57 | 166 | 91 | 1.00 | 62 | 1.00 | 61 | 1.00 | 89 | 1.00 |
| 11.58–34.95 | 165 | 61 | 0.67 (0.45, 1.00) | 54 | 0.86 (0.56, 1.33) | 45 | 0.70 (0.44, 1.11) | 80 | 0.92 (0.63, 1.35) |
| 34.96–49.52 | 165 | 69 | 0.75 (0.50, 1.10) | 59 | 1.01 (0.66, 1.55) | 49 | 0.69 (0.43, 1.10) | 83 | 0.86 (0.59, 1.27) |
| ⩾49.53 | 166 | 53 | 0.56 (0.37, 0.85)e | 73 | 1.23 (0.81, 1.87)e | 36 | 0.48 (0.29, 0.78) | 89 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) |
| P for trendd | 0.003e | 0.82e | 0.002 | 0.36 | |||||
|
Flavones | |||||||||
| 0–1.29 | 165 | 82 | 1.00 | 60 | 1.00 | 71 | 1.00 | 95 | 1.00 |
| 1.30–1.90 | 166 | 58 | 0.67 (0.45, 1.00) | 55 | 0.87 (0.57, 1.34) | 51 | 0.70 (0.45, 1.09) | 87 | 0.92 (0.64, 1.34) |
| 1.91–2.62 | 166 | 59 | 0.68 (0.45, 1.02)b | 62 | 0.98 (0.64, 1.50) | 28 | 0.34 (0.20, 0.57)b | 72 | 0.77 (0.52, 1.13) |
| ⩾2.63 | 165 | 75 | 0.84 (0.56, 1.25) | 71 | 1.09 (0.71, 1.67) | 41 | 0.55 (0.34, 0.89) | 87 | 1.01 (0.69, 1.50) |
| P for trendd | 0.81b | 0.15 | 0.02b | 0.98 | |||||
|
Flavonols | |||||||||
| 0–8.31 | 166 | 86 | 1.00 | 52 | 1.00 | 56 | 1.00 | 82 | 1.00 |
| 8.32–12.16 | 165 | 49 | 0.56 (0.37, 0.85)e,f | 64 | 1.24 (0.81, 1.91)e | 33 | 0.59 (0.36, 0.98) | 94 | 1.16 (0.80, 1.69)c |
| 12.17–17.81 | 166 | 61 | 0.67 (0.45, 1.00) | 53 | 1.01 (0.65, 1.57) | 39 | 0.70 (0.43, 1.14) | 79 | 0.96 (0.65, 1.41) |
| ⩾17.82 | 165 | 78 | 0.80 (0.54, 1.18)e | 79 | 1.42 (0.93, 2.17)e | 63 | 0.97 (0.62, 1.53) | 86 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.46) |
| P for trendd | 0.71 | 0.10 | 0.70 | 0.92 | |||||
|
Isoflavones | |||||||||
| 0–0.27 | 165 | 47 | 1.00 | 36 | 1.00 | 34 | 1.00 | 65 | 1.00 |
| 0.28–0.41 | 166 | 51 | 0.98 (0.61, 1.55) | 64 | 1.55 (0.97, 2.49) | 50 | 1.12 (0.67, 1.89) | 90 | 1.45 (0.97, 2.17) |
| 0.42–0.59 | 166 | 83 | 1.51 (0.97, 2.37) | 73 | 1.62 (1.00, 2.63) | 59 | 1.18 (0.69, 2.00) | 97 | 1.68 (1.10, 2.56) |
| ⩾0.60 | 165 | 93 | 1.65 (1.02, 2.65)b | 75 | 1.56 (0.93, 2.60) | 48 | 0.72 (0.40, 1.29)b | 89 | 1.50 (0.96, 2.37) |
| P for trendd | 0.07b | 0.17 | 0.11b | 0.37 | |||||
|
Lignans | |||||||||
| 0–0.045 | 165 | 70 | 1.00 | 50 | 1.00 | 67 | 1.00 | 87 | 1.00 |
| 0.046–0.063 | 166 | 75 | 0.91 (0.61, 1.36) | 61 | 1.06 (0.69, 1.65) | 47 | 0.64 (0.40, 1.01) | 92 | 1.09 (0.75, 1.59) |
| 0.064–0.082 | 165 | 57 | 0.65 (0.42, 0.99)c,e | 70 | 1.17 (0.76, 1.81)e | 42 | 0.50 (0.31, 0.82) | 98 | 1.11 (0.76, 1.63)c |
| ⩾0.083 | 166 | 72 | 0.75 (0.49, 1.13)b | 67 | 1.01 (0.65, 1.58) | 35 | 0.38 (0.23, 0.63)b | 64 | 0.73 (0.48, 1.11) |
| P for trendd | 0.26b | 0.63 | 0.0003b | 0.13 | |||||
a
Adjusted for age (continuous), sex, race (white, other), geographic centre (Connecticut, New Jersey, Washington), cigarette smoking (ever/never), and dietary energy intake (kilocalories, continuous).
b
P-value <0.05 for the ratio of the odds ratios comparing OEA vs OES.
c
P-value <0.05 for the ratio of the odds ratios comparing OEA vs OGA.
d
P-value for trend for continuous variable.
e
P-value <0.05 for the ratio of the odds ratios comparing OEA vs GCA.