Skip to main content
. 2015 Mar 16;112(13):3892–3897. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502850112

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Design and properties of immunomodulatory spherical nucleic acids. (A) IS-SNAs, which contain a shell of TLR agonist oligonucleotides or IR-SNAs, which contain a shell of TLR antagonist oligonucleotides, (B) are both taken up into immune cells and reside in endosomes where they modulate toll-like receptor (TLR) activity. (C) Confocal microscopy image showing Cy-5–labeled Au-SNAs have been internalized. (D and E) Probing the importance of class A scavenger receptors in the uptake pathway for Cy-5–labeled (red signal) L-SNAs: (D) SNAs freely enter cells in the absence of SR-A receptor ligand fucoidan. (E) Cellular uptake of the same SNAs is inhibited in the presence of fucoidan. (F) Confocal microscopy image of Cy-5–labeled L-SNAs (red signal) colocalizing (yellow signal) with Alexa Flour 488–labeled EEA-1 marker (green signal) after 1 h of uptake. Cells were fixed before immunostaining and imaging.