TABLE 2—
Principle | Action |
Embody ethical action | Address historical legacy of unethical research |
Respect participants | Maintain confidentiality across participants’ multiple roles |
Be sensitive and responsive to partners’ perspectives and be culturally appropriate | |
Pursue ongoing communication (e.g., deepen understanding, discuss disagreements) | |
Generalize beneficence | Achieve substantive roles for partners in research tasks and decision-making |
Manage conflicting priorities that compete with research activities | |
Obtain funding for time needed to pursue partnering | |
Devise alternatives or justifications for randomization or a control arm | |
Manage work burden of community partners | |
Modify survey instruments for cultural appropriateness | |
Reach agreement on composition of partnership and compensation | |
Address problems uncovered during research activities | |
Achieve equitable benefits for all involved participants | |
Negotiate justice | Manage reluctance of community stakeholders to engage in research |
Stay aligned with study vision over time | |
Ascertain the adequacy of success in partnering and trust | |
Represent research aims and findings so all partners agree | |
Maintain objectivity and scientific equipoise |
Note. Each challenge was mentioned by at least 3 and fewer than 12 of the 29 interviewees. Challenges are listed from most to least frequent under each principle.