TABLE 2—
Maternal, Placental, and Fetal Characteristics of Deliveries, by Race: California, 2010
| Characteristic | African American | Other | P |
| Medi-Cal FFS, % | 22.8 | 33.3 | < .001 |
| Private MC, % | 7.4 | 16.9 | |
| Medi-Cal MC, % | 38.3 | 14.7 | |
| Private FFS, % | 1.4 | 2.8 | |
| Private HMO, % | 25.6 | 28.4 | |
| Self-pay, % | 1.5 | 1.8 | |
| Other pay, % | 2.0 | 1.8 | |
| Medicare, % | 1.1 | 0.2 | |
| Zip code income quartile,a % | < .001 | ||
| 1 | 47.1 | 28.8 | |
| 2 | 23.1 | 26.8 | |
| 3 | 18.9 | 23.6 | |
| 4 | 10.8 | 20.8 | |
| Scheduled admission, % | 21.8 | 29.4 | < .001 |
| Cesarean risk indications,b % | < .001 | ||
| 0 | 69.4 | 76.1 | |
| 1 | 22.0 | 18.4 | |
| 2 | 6.4 | 4.2 | |
| > 2 | 2.1 | 1.2 | |
| Pregnancy risk factors,b % | < .001 | ||
| 0 | 75.5 | 79.1 | |
| 1 | 20.1 | 17.9 | |
| 2 | 3.7 | 2.7 | |
| > 2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | |
| Fetal heart rate abnormality, % | 19.0 | 13.2 | < .001 |
| Hospital deliveries, median | 2695 | 3144 | .001 |
Note. FFS = fee for service; HMO = health maintenance organization; MC = managed care. Total of 493 443 women delivering in 255 Californian hospitals in 2010. P values from χ2 tests for categorical values and Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous values. Effects are not independent and additive.
a
Patient zip code household income, as quartile of state values for all zip codes. Higher values correspond to more affluent zip codes.
b
Coded from 12 maternal, fetal, and placental indications associated with cesarean, and 13 other maternal comorbidities associated with pregnancy risk, as explained in text.