Figure 11.

Electrical stimulation with increased number of AMPA activations enhances Ca²⁺ waves induced by IP₃ (2.5 mM at 7 s). (a) Control simulation: Ca²⁺ wave with no AMPA inputs prior to the IP₃ stimulus. (b) Ca²⁺ wave with train of 150 AMPA inputs (onset: 3 s; interspike interval: 25 ms) prior to the IP₃ stimulus. (c) Comparison of voltage (top), ER Ca²⁺ (middle), and cytosolic Ca²⁺ (bottom) in control (black) and simulation with 150 AMPA inputs (red).