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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cancer. 2015 Jan;15(1):42–54. doi: 10.1038/nrc3858

Table 3.

GEM models of bladder cancer

Allele name Method for targeting to bladderb Description Phenotype Ref.
Transgenic models
UPII-SV40Ta Uroplakin II Promoter Expression of SV40 large T antigen CIS 126, 127
UPII-SV40T high CIS with progression to invasion, in some cases metastasis 126
CK19-SV40T Cytokeratin 19 CIS with progression to invasion, in some cases metastasis 129
UPII-Ha-RasQ61L Uroplakin II Expression of mutant (active) H-Ras Papillary non-invasive cancer 131
UPII-EGFR Expression of EGFR Hyperplasia 132
UPII-SV40T low; EGFR Expression of SV40 large T combined with EGFR High-grade non-invasive cancer 132
UPII-p53DN Expression of mutant (active) p53 Hyperplasia 135
UPII-Ha-rasQ61L; p53DN Mutant (active) H-Ras combined with mutant (active) allele of p53 Hyperplasia with localized dysplasia 135
UPII-Ha-rasQ61L; p53-null Mutant H-Ras combined with a germline null allele of p53 Papillary non-invasive cancer 135
Models using Cre Drivers expressed in the urothelium
β-cateninexon3/exon3 UroII-Cre allele Mutant (active) allele of β-catenin Hyperplasia 136
β-cateninexon3/exon3; Ptenflox/flox Mutant (active) allele of β-catenin combined with loss of function of Pten Papillary non-invasive cancer 136
β-cateninexon3/exon3; K-rasG12D Mutant (active) allele of β-catenin combined with mutant (active) Kras Papillary non-invasive cancer 137
β-cateninexon3/exon3; H-rasQ61L Mutant (active) allele of β-catenin combined with mutant (active) Ha-ras Papillary non-invasive cancer 137
β-cateninexon3/exon3; p21−/− Mutant (active) allele of β-catenin combined with germline null allele of p21 Papillary non-invasive cancer 137
Fgfr3+/K644E; Ptenflox /flox Mutant (active) allele of Fgfr3 combined with loss of function of Pten Hyperplasia with localized dysplasia 140
UPII-Ha-rasQ61L; CDKN2A null Mutant H-Ras combined with a germline null allele of INK4a/Arf Hyperplasia 134
Ncstnflox/flox UPII-Cre-GFP Bladder-restricted deletion of Nicastrin, which abrogates Notch function Hyperplasia and CIS 139
Models using Cre Drivers that are not specific for bladder
β-cateninexon3/+ Msx2rtTA;tetO-Cre Mutant (active) allele of β-catenin Papillary non-invasive cancer 58
Ptenflox /flox Fabp-Cre Conditional loss of function Pten Papillary non-invasive cancer 150
Lkb1flox/flox; Ptenflox/flox AhCreER Conditional loss of function of Lkb and Pten Papillary non-invasive cancer 141
Ncstnflox/flox Rosa26rtTA;tet O-Cre Systemic deletion of Nicastrin, which abrogates Notch function Muscle-invasive bladder cancer 139
Models using delivery of Adeno-Cre to the bladder
p53flox/flox; Ptenflox/flox AdenoCre delivery (via surgery) Conditional loss of function of p53 and Pten Muscle-invasive bladder cancer with frequent metastasis 112
p53flox/flox; K-rasG12D AdenoCre delivery (via instillation) Mutant (active) allele of β-catenin combined with mutant (active) Kras Hyperplasia 143
Rbflox/flox; p130flox/flox p107−/− AdenoCre delivery (via surgery) Loss of function of all retinoblastoma genes Papillary non-invasive cancer 159

Notes:

a

Note that distinct uroplakin 2 promoters were used to develop these SV40 large T antigen models.

b

References for relevant Cre alleles: are as follows: UroII-Cre 160; Fabp-Cre 150; AhCreER 141; UPKII-Cre 127; Upk2-CreERT2 161; UPK3a-GFP-CreERT2 20; UPII-Cre-GFP 139.