Table 1.
Patient characteristics of the Penn and ESCAPE cohorts grouped by diuretic efficiency
| Characteristic | Penn Cohort | ESCAPE Cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diuretic Efficiency | p-value | Diuretic Efficiency | value | |||
| Low (n=329) | High (n=328) | Low (n=195) | High (n=195) | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (y) | 64.3 ± 15.0 | 61.3 ± 15.8 | 0.014* | 56.8 ± 14.6 | 55.2 ± 13.0 | 0.26 |
| Black race | 65% | 64% | 0.78 | 36% | 46% | 0.040* |
| Male | 51% | 62% | 0.008* | 77% | 73% | 0.29 |
| Medical History | ||||||
| Hypertension | 75% | 71% | 0.16 | 48% | 45% | 0.54 |
| Diabetes | 49% | 36% | 0.002* | 34% | 34% | 0.94 |
| Ischemic etiology Ejection fraction | 26% | 26% | 0.91 | 54% | 47% | 0.16 |
| ≥40% | 36% | 31% | 0.19 | 0% | 0% | N/A |
| Admission Physical Exam | ||||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 88.6 ± 20.6 | 90.2 ± 19.4 | 0.31 | 81.5 ± 14.9 | 82.4 ± 15.0 | 0.54 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 34 | 136 ± 33 | 0.82 | 104 ± 17 | 108 ± 16 | 0.005* |
| Jugular venous distention (≥12 cm water) | 61% | 61% | 0.87 | 53% | 53% | 0.96 |
| Edema > 1+ | 47% | 46% | 0.79 | 38% | 34% | 0.36 |
| Hepatojugular reflux | 21% | 24% | 0.36 | 78% | 82% | 0.24 |
| Cardiac Function | ||||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 30 (15–45) | 23 (15–42) | 0.028* | 20 (15–21) | 20 (15–25) | 0.088 |
| Laboratory Values | ||||||
| Serum sodium (mEq/L) | 138 ± 5 | 139 ± 4 | 0.028* | 136 ± 5 | 137 ± 4 | 0.15 |
| B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 1454 (748–2771) | 1285 (692–2312) | 0.049* | 593 (264–1285) | 557 (209–1142) | 0.421 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 55.4 ± 29.3 | 61.9 ± 26.2 | 0.003* | 55.6 ± 27.4 | 59.1 ± 23.4 | 0.028* |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 33.7 ± 24.2 | 26.8 ± 20.5 | <0.001* | 38.6 ± 25.4 | 31.6 ± 18.9 | 0.002* |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.8 ± 2.1 | 12.4 ± 2.1 | <0.001* | 12.9 ± 5.3 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 0.41 |
| Right Heart Catheterization Variables † | ||||||
| Right atrial pressure (mmHg) | 13.4 ± 7.8 | 10.2 ± 5.8 | 0.010* | 14.1 ± 9.0 | 13.6 ± 10.4 | 0.69 |
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mmHg) | 23.8 ± 8.5 | 23.5 ± 8.3 | 0.85 | 26.0 ± 9.4 | 23.8 ± 8.8 | 0.19 |
| Cardiac index (L/min/m2) | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.95 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 0.54 |
| Systemic vascular resistance (dyn·s/cm5) | 1538 ± 582 | 1622 ± 618 | 0.43 | 1428 ± 753 | 1474 ± 897 | 0.71 |
| Medications (Admission) | ||||||
| Beta blocker | 69% | 74% | 0.18 | 63% | 60% | 0.51 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 60% | 68% | 0.025* | 90% | 90% | 0.87 |
| Digoxin | 24% | 28% | 0.25 | 73% | 71% | 0.65 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 17% | 18% | 0.68 | 33% | 34% | 0.91 |
| Loop diuretic dose (mg) | 80 (20–160) | 40 (0–80) | <0.001* | 320) | 160 (80–320) | 0.003* |
| Thiazide diuretic | 15% | 10% | 0.046* | 13% | 13% | 0.98 |
| Medications (Discharge) | ||||||
| Beta blocker | 82% | 87% | 0.055 | 52% | 60% | 0.15 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 70% | 87% | <0.001* | 83% | 88% | 0.14 |
| Digoxin | 25% | 26% | 0.77 | 72% | 80% | 0.097 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 23% | 23% | 0.90 | 49% | 54% | 0.27 |
| Loop diuretic dose (mg) | 80 (40–160) | 80 (40–100) | <0.001* | 120 (60–240) | 100 (60–160) | 0.035* |
| Thiazide diuretic | 15% | 5% | <0.001* | 14% | 10% | 0.27 |
eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate, BUN: Blood urea nitrogen, ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker. Diuretic efficiency was calculated as the cumulative mL of net fluid output divided by the cumulative loop diuretic dose (per 40 mg of furosemide equivalent) during the hospitalization in the Penn cohort. In the ESCAPE cohort where cumulative diuretic dose was unavailable, diuretic efficiency was estimated using the peak dose of loop diuretic administered in 24 hours (per 40 mg furosemide equivalents). Diuretic efficiency was then dichotomized about the median to define high vs. low diuretic efficiency.
Significant p value.
Data available in n=139 patients in the Penn cohort and in n=192 patients in the ESCAPE cohort.