Table 2.
Pharmacokinetics of the metoprolol (MET) isomers in the control (n = 13) and diabetes (n = 10) groups (median and 95% CI)
| Parameter | R-(+)-MET | S-(−)-MET | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | Diabetes group | Control group | Diabetes group | |
| Cmax (ng ml−1) | 22.89 (20.56, 64.26) | 18.98 (12.53, 42.14) | 41.42† (30.16, 67.51) | 22.90 (12.97, 49.54) |
| tmax (h) | 1.50 (1.16, 2.15) | 2.50* (1.55, 3.94) | 1.50 (1.19, 2.15) | 2.75* (1.94, 4.35) |
| AUC(0,∞) (ng ml−1 h) | 62.65 (58.39, 225.03) | 84.63 (41.48, 196.92) | 113.42† (89.73, 266.58) | 125.32† (62.81, 238.70) |
| MRT (h) | 6.71 (5.65, 10.14) | 6.54 (4.78, 8.00) | 5.87† (4.85, 8.28) | 6.37† (4.66, 9.01) |
| t1/2 (h) | 7.74 (6.38, 11.24) | 3.57* (2.60, 7.38) | 7.01 (5.26, 9.77) | 4.38 (3.08, 7.13) |
| Kel (h−1) | 0.09 (0.06, 0.13) | 0.19* (0.12, 0.26) | 0.10 (0.08, 0.15) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.24) |
| V/F (l kg−1) | 35.38 (23.81, 87.46) | 25.60 (15.95, 66.19) | 26.87† (21.03, 62.98) | 20.02† (14.58, 39.98) |
| CL/F (l h−1 kg−1) | 5.29 (3.19, 7.48) | 4.85 (1.97, 12.62) | 3.19† (2.29, 4.95) | 3.05† (1.88, 7.68) |
*
Mann−Whitney test, P < 0.05 (Control group vs. diabetes group).
†
Wilcoxon test for paired data, P < 0.05 (R-(+)-MET vs. S-(–)-MET). AUC(0,∞), area under the curve for plasma concentration vs. time; CL/F, total apparent clearance; Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; Kel, elimination rate constant; MRT, mean residence time; t1/2, elimination half-life; tmax, time needed to reach Cmax; V/F, apparent distribution volume.