Table 1.
Table summarizing available data of noble gas induced protection in human tissue
| Injury | Noble gas | Type | Method | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Staurosporine, mitochondrial toxins | He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (75%) | Osteosarcoma cells | Continuous | Xe and Ar limited cell loss and decreased caspase-3 activation | Spaggiari et al., 2013 |
| Oxygen glucose deficiency | He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (75%) | Renal tubular cells (HK-2) | Preconditioning | Xe protects against cell death, He is cytotoxic, other gases had no effect | Rizvi et al., 2010 |
| None | Ar (50%) | Astroglial cells | Continuous | Ar enhanced ERK1/2 activity in microglia via the upstream kinase MEK | Fahlenkamp et al., 2012 |
| Microglial cells (BV-2) | |||||
| Oxygen glucose deficiency | Xe (80%) | Neuronal glial cells | Preconditioning | Xe limited cell loss via K-ATP channel activation | Bantel et al., 2009 |
| Hypothermia–hypoxia | Xe (70%) | Renal tubular cells (HK-2) | Preconditioning | Xe limited cell loss and promoted cell expression of HSP70 and haemoxygenase-1 | Zhao et al., 2013 |
| Post-conditioning | |||||
| LPS lipoteichoic acid anti-CD3/anti-CD28 | He (79%) | Blood from healthy volunteers | Preconditioning | 30 and 60 min of helium inhalation does not affect immune system function | Oei et al., 2012a |
| LPS | Xe (60%) | Blood from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery | Continuous | Xe provides modest anti-inflammatory and no pro-inflammatory effect. ERK1/2 phosphorylation in leukocytes was reduced after 1 h of Xe anaesthesia | Fahlenkamp et al., 2014 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass | Xe (50%) | Blood from healthy volunteers | Continuous | Xe had no effect on CPB induced leukocyte and platelet activation after CPB | Saravanan et al., 2009 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass | Xe (70%) | Blood from healthy volunteers | Continuous | Xe had no effect on cytokine (IL-8, IL-10, TNF) and adhesion molecule expression L-selectin, CD18, CD11b) after CPB | Bedi et al., 2002 |
| Forearm I/R 15 min | He (50%) | Human volunteers | Continuous | He had no effect on endothelium, but decreased expression of CD11b and ICAM on leukocytes ad CD42b and PSGL-1 on platelets | Lucchinetti et al., 2009 |
| Forearm I/R 20 min | He (79%) | Human volunteers | Preconditioning | He protects post-ischaemic endothelial function | Smit et al., 2013 |
| Blocking eNOS did not abolish this effect | |||||
| None | Xe (59%) | Healthy volunteers | Continuous | Xenon had minimal effects on coronary flow dynamics | Schaefer et al., 2011 |
| None | Xe (65%) | CAD patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery | Continuous | Xe anaesthesia has higher mean arterial blood pressure and better left ventricle ejection fraction | Baumert et al., 2008 |
| Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Xe (47%) | Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients | Post-conditioning | Xe + mild hypothermia is feasible and favourable with decreased troponin T release | Arola et al., 2013 |
| CABG | Xe (45–50%) | CABG | Continuous | Balanced xenon anaesthesia is feasible and safe | Stoppe et al., 2013 |
| Aortic surgery | Xe (60%) | Aortic surgery | Continuous | Xe does not improve haemodynamic parameters or troponin release compared with total venous anaesthesia | Bein et al., 2008 |
| CABG | Xe (20, 35, 50%) | CABG | Continuous | Xe was safely and efficiently delivered to CABG patients while on CPB | Lockwood et al., 2006 |
| None | Xe (60–65%) | Intracardiac device implantation | Continuous | Xe preserves mean arterial blood pressure and left ventricle ejection fraction compared with propofol | Baumert et al., 2005 |
Injury, injury type against which protection was induced; noble gas, type and concentration of gas used; type, type of patients or cell type; method, type of stimulus used; outcome, short summary of results; reference, reference of original paper.
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease.