Table 1.
Clinical muscle injury research utilising continuous variables for the assessment of severity
| Author | Grading/description | Outcome | Cited cases | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slavotinek et al63 | Description based on MRI findings | Approximate volume of muscle involved; (r=0.46) percentage of abnormal muscle (r=0.70) | Association with RTP duration | 30 |
| Subjective pain score | Association with MRI determined severity | |||
| Verrall et al58 | Description based on MRI findings and symptoms | Amount of pain | Positive correlation with RTP duration | 83 |
| Connell et al25 | Description based on MRI and US findings | Injury cross-sectional area (%) Longitudinal length (r=0.58); Volume of intramuscular haematoma |
US determined cross-sectional area associated with RTP duration; MRI positive correlation with RTP; haematoma, no correlation with RTP. | 60 |
| Gibbs et al62 | Description based on MRI findings | Cross-sectional area (%); Length of lesion (cm) |
Positive statistical correlation with RTP | 31 |
| Verrall et al61 | Description based on MRI findings | MRI transverse size (%); MRI volume |
Larger lesion, increased risk of injury in subsequent season | 37 |
| Schneider-Kolsky et al67 | Description based on MRI findings | Longitudinal length of lesion on coronal views (r=0.58); Cross-sectional area (%) |
Positive correlation with RTP | 58 |
| Askling et al31 | Description based on Clinical findings | Hip flexibility (Degrees/Borg CR-10 pain scale); Knee flexion strength (dynamometer) |
No data on relationship to RTP | 33 |
| Koulouris et al68 | Description based on MRI findings | Cross-sectional injured area (mm); Injury location (muscle, location); Injury longitudinal length (mm) |
Non-significant impact on reinjury risk | 31 |
| Askling et al28 | Description based on MRI findings | Distance to ischial tuberosity (r=0.54); depth of injury (r=0.58); Volume of injury (r=0.61); Cross section of injury (r=0.70) |
Positive correlation with RTP | 18* |
| Length of injury (r=0.51) | No statistical correlation with RTP | |||
| Width of injury (r=0.39) | No statistical correlation with RTP | |||
| Askling et al27 | Description based on MRI findings | Distance to ischial tuberosity; Length of injury; Width of injury; Depth of injury; Volume of injury |
No statistical correlation with RTP | 15* |
| Balius et al69 | Description based on US findings | Length of lesion | Positive significant association with RTP | 35 |
| Nescolarde et al70 | Grading based on changes in localised BIA | Resistance; reactance (xc); phase angle PA | Decreases with increasing injury severity | 3 |
| Peterson et al65 | Description based on US findings | Length of lesion | No association with RTP | 51 |
*Refers to duplication of athletes from previous manuscript.
BIA, bioimpedance analysis; PA, phase angle; RTP, return to play; US, ultrasound.