Table 4. Cognitive changes between baseline and the 3-month follow-up after CAS in symptomatic versus asymptomatic CS patients as compared to the control group.
| Neuropsychological test | Baseline score | Difference from baseline | ANCOVA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptomatic (n=11) | Asymptomatic (n=12) | Control (n=10) | Symptomatic (n=11) | Asymptomatic (n=12) | Control (n=10) | p | |
| K-MMSE | 23.5±5.3 | 26.3±3.2 | 26.5±2.6 | 1.8±3.4 | 0.3±2.3 | 1.1±2.2 | 0.919 |
| Digit span-forward | 6.0±1.5 | 6.0±1.7 | 6.5±1.8 | 0±1.8 | 0.1±1.9 | 0±0.9 | 0.982 |
| Digit span-backward | 3.1±1.6 | 3.4±1.8 | 3.6±1.0 | 0.6±1.4 | 0.1±1.2 | 0±1.2 | 0.639 |
| K-BNT | 10.0±3.6 | 9.7±3.1 | 12.2±1.4 | 0.8±0.8 | 0.3±1.4 | 1.0±1.7 | 0.439 |
| Calculation | 9.2±4.5 | 9.2±3.7 | 9.9±2.8 | 0.9±3.8 | 0.8±1.1 | -0.1±0.7 | 0.543 |
| ROCFT | 23.8±13.8 | 29.8±10.6 | 32.2±6.8 | 4.1±4.0 | -0.3±4.0 | 0.8±2.8 | 0.036 |
| Orientation | 5.2±1.2 | 5.8±0.4 | 5.7±0.5 | 0.4±1.1 | -0.1±0.5 | 0.3±0.5 | 0.797 |
| SVLT-free recall | 11.3±8.1 | 13.9±6.7 | 20.4±6.4 | 3.7±7.6 | 1.3±5.3 | 2.8±5.0 | 0.199 |
| SVLT-delayed recall | 3.4±3.3 | 3.8±2.5 | 5.6±3.7 | 2.4±4.8 | 0.3±1.9 | 1.7±2.3 | 0.233 |
| SVLT-recognition | 5.3±3.6 | 6.3±3.4 | 8.4±1.6 | 1.5±3.9 | 0.4±2.4 | 1.7±1.8 | 0.090 |
| ROCFT-immediate/delayed recall | 22.0±15.5 | 25.5±18.5 | 31.4±17.0 | 8.5±9.1 | 2.8±9.4 | 7.0±7.5 | 0.372 |
| ROCFT-recognition | 5.6±3.3 | 6.3±4.1 | 7.3±2.5 | 2.1±2.5 | -0.3±2.6 | 1.2±2.7 | 0.046 |
| Contrasting program | 2.4±1.2 | 2.6±1.0 | 2.8±0.6 | 0.4±0.9 | 0.2±0.6 | 0.2±0.6 | 0.903 |
| Go-no-go | 2.4±1.2 | 2.3±1.1 | 2.6±0.5 | 0.3±1.0 | 0.1±1.2 | -0.1±0.6 | 0.679 |
| Fist-edge-palm | 2.2±1.2 | 2.4±0.9 | 3.0±0 | 0.4±0.9 | 0.4±0.8 | 0±0 | 0.698 |
| Luria loop | 2.5±1.2 | 2.8±0.9 | 2.7±0.7 | -0.3±0.9 | -0.3±0.9 | 0.3±0.7 | 0.395 |
| Word fluency-animal | 11.5±6.1 | 11.7±3.1 | 13.5±2.7 | 1.9±4.8 | -0.1±2.5 | 0.6±2.5 | 0.326 |
| Word fluency-phonemic | 3.3±4.0 | 5.8±3.7 | 6.5±2.8 | 1.5±4.4 | -1.0±2.0 | -1.1±3.5 | 0.638 |
| Stroop test-color | 10.5±7.9 | 11.5±5.0 | 15.7±2.9 | 3.1±3.4 | -0.1±3.1 | 1.1±3.0 | 0.087 |
| SNSB-D | 142.5±68.7 | 161.7±54.9 | 193.0±37.8 | 32.3±26.7 | 4.2±13.6 | 17.3±12.2 | 0.010 |
ANCOVA: analysis of covariance, CAS: carotid artery stenting, CS: carotid artery stenosis, K-BNT: Korean version of the Boston Naming Test, K-MMSE: Korean version of the Mini Mental State Examination, ROCFT: Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, ROCFT-immediate/delayed recall: immediate/delayed recall domain of the ROCFT, ROCFT-recognition: recognition domain of the ROCFT, SNSB-D: Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Dementia Version, SVLT: Seoul Verbal Learning Test.