Figure 4.

Phylogenies of pathogenic lineages of V. parahaemolyticus. Multiple genome reference-sequence alignment based phylogeny were reconstructed using REALPHY v1.09 to evaluate the evolution and relatedness of pathogenic lineages, where related pathogens grouped within three major nodes (I, II, and III). Maximum likelihood phylogenies of strains of broad phylogenetic distribution were reconstructed based on merged reference strains 10329, BB22OP, and RIMD 2210633, where the merged alignment represents 63% coverage of sites of the largest reference genome (Vp10329). The branch length reflects nucleotide changes per by total number of nucleotides in the sequence. Representative strains are identified by geographic location (USA by state, international by country name), as clinical (C) or environmental (E) and year isolated. For ease in identifying strains or sequenced types identified in the Northeast, select strains are designated by colors that correspond exactly to color scheme in Figure 2. ¹Isolates were from wound infections. ²Isolates were from gastric infections. ³Isolates were from ear infections.