TABLE 1.
Attribute | BMI (kg/m2)
|
P c | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall
|
< 18.5
|
18.5–25.0
|
25.0–30.0
|
≥ 30.0
|
|||||||
No.a | %b | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||
Total | 1 355 | 100 | 33 | 2.4 | 576 | 42.5 | 448 | 33.1 | 298 | 22.0 | NAd |
Age (years) | |||||||||||
20–29 | 543 | 40.1 | 17 | 3.1 | 297 | 54.7 | 158 | 29.1 | 71 | 13.1 | |
30–39 | 379 | 28.0 | 5 | 1.3 | 147 | 38.8 | 124 | 32.7 | 103 | 27.2 | < 0.01 |
40–49 | 272 | 20.1 | 5 | 1.8 | 85 | 31.3 | 101 | 37.1 | 81 | 29.8 | |
50–60 | 161 | 11.9 | 6 | 3.7 | 47 | 29.2 | 65 | 40.4 | 43 | 26.7 | |
Sex | |||||||||||
Men | 589 | 43.5 | 13 | 2.2 | 324 | 55.0 | 182 | 30.9 | 70 | 11.9 | < 0.01 |
Women | 766 | 56.5 | 20 | 2.6 | 252 | 32.9 | 266 | 34.7 | 228 | 29.8 | |
BMI (mean, standard deviation) | 26.5 | 6.2 | 17.3 | 1.0 | 22.4 | 1.6 | 27.3 | 1.5 | 34.6 | 7.7 | NA |
Stunting | 364 | 26.9 | 6 | 1.6 | 141 | 38.7 | 126 | 34.6 | 91 | 25.0 | 0.15 |
Hypertension | 298 | 22.0 | 4 | 1.3 | 88 | 29.5 | 101 | 33.9 | 105 | 35.2 | < 0.01 |
Blood pressure (in mmHg, mean, standard deviation) | |||||||||||
Systolic | 119.7 | 16.0 | 110.6 | 12.0 | 116.5 | 14.9 | 120.5 | 16.7 | 125.5 | 17 | < 0.01 |
Diastolic | 73.2 | 10.0 | 69.2 | 10.3 | 71.2 | 9.4 | 73.3 | 9.3 | 77.4 | 10.7 | < 0.01 |
Mean arterial pressure | 88.7 | 11.2 | 83.0 | 9.5 | 86.3 | 10.2 | 89.0 | 10.7 | 93.5 | 12.0 | < 0.01 |
Diabetes | 40 | 3.0 | 1 | 2.5 | 8 | 20.0 | 18 | 45.0 | 13 | 32.5 | 0.03 |
Chronic kidney disease by stagee | |||||||||||
No disease | 820 | 63.5 | 19 | 2.3 | 345 | 42.1 | 269 | 32.8 | 187 | 22.8 | |
I–II | 399 | 30.9 | 11 | 2.8 | 169 | 42.4 | 129 | 32.3 | 90 | 22.6 | 0.29 |
III–V | 72 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 55.6 | 22 | 30.6 | 10 | 13.9 | |
Schooling ever | 1 086 | 80.0 | 24 | 2.2 | 458 | 42.2 | 358 | 33.0 | 246 | 22.7 | 0.50 |
Schooling yearse (mean, standard deviation) | 4.6 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 0.09 |
Poverty (US$/d/day) e,f | |||||||||||
< $1 | 434 | 52.7 | 11 | 2.5 | 179 | 41.2 | 144 | 33.2 | 100 | 23.0 | |
$1–2 | 270 | 32.8 | 8 | 3.0 | 106 | 39.3 | 90 | 33.3 | 66 | 24.4 | 0.44 |
≥ $2 | 120 | 14.6 | 4 | 3.3 | 36 | 30.0 | 43 | 35.8 | 37 | 30.8 | |
Urban living historye | |||||||||||
Always | 120 | 11.0 | 22 | 3.0 | 313 | 42.6 | 227 | 30.9 | 173 | 23.5 | |
Sometimes | 233 | 21.4 | 8 | 3.4 | 90 | 38.6 | 83 | 35.6 | 52 | 22.3 | 0.38 |
Never | 735 | 67.6 | 1 | 0.8 | 51 | 42.5 | 33 | 27.5 | 35 | 29.2 | |
Tobacco use | 424 | 31.3 | 11 | 2.6 | 223 | 52.6 | 125 | 29.5 | 65 | 15.3 | < 0.01 |
Alcohol use | 647 | 47.7 | 13 | 2.0 | 313 | 48.4 | 198 | 30.6 | 123 | 19.0 | <0.01 |
Illicit drug use | 69 | 5.1 | 2 | 2.9 | 40 | 58.0 | 18 | 26.1 | 9 | 13.0 | 0.05 |
Family medical history | |||||||||||
Hypertension | 609 | 44.9 | 14 | 2.3 | 252 | 41.4 | 197 | 32.3 | 146 | 24.0 | 0.46 |
Diabetes | 220 | 16.2 | 7 | 3.2 | 72 | 32.7 | 68 | 30.9 | 73 | 33.2 | < 0.01 |
Chronic kidney disease e | 170 | 12.6 | 3 | 1.8 | 68 | 40.0 | 48 | 28.2 | 51 | 30.0 | 0.05 |
Or mean where specified.
Or standard deviation where specified.
For categorical variables, P values calculated using chi-squared bivariate analyses and logistic regressions. For continuous variables, P values calculated using linear regressions.
Not applicable.
These categories have < 1 355 participants due to variations in participant responses. Response rates were > 95% for presence of CKD, mean schooling, and family history of CKD. Some participants chose not to answer income questions (824 total responses) and in one of five villages urban residency history was not asked (1 088 total responses).
US$/d/day = United States Dollars per dependent per day. These are the World Bank absolute poverty cut-offs from pre-2008 and are not equivalent to Nicaragua’s national 1998 poverty classification that classified extreme poverty as less than US$ 100/year (US$ 0.27/day) and poverty as less than US$ 185/year (US$ 0.50/day) (25).