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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 7.
Published in final edited form as: Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012 Sep;32(3):217–225. doi: 10.1590/s1020-49892012000900007

TABLE 1.

Attributes of 1 355 study participants from six communities, by body mass index (BMI), Nicaragua, 2007–2009

Attribute BMI (kg/m2)
P c
Overall
< 18.5
18.5–25.0
25.0–30.0
≥ 30.0
No.a %b No. % No. % No. % No. %
Total 1 355 100 33 2.4 576 42.5 448 33.1 298 22.0 NAd
Age (years)
 20–29 543 40.1 17 3.1 297 54.7 158 29.1 71 13.1
 30–39 379 28.0 5 1.3 147 38.8 124 32.7 103 27.2 < 0.01
 40–49 272 20.1 5 1.8 85 31.3 101 37.1 81 29.8
 50–60 161 11.9 6 3.7 47 29.2 65 40.4 43 26.7
Sex
 Men 589 43.5 13 2.2 324 55.0 182 30.9 70 11.9 < 0.01
 Women 766 56.5 20 2.6 252 32.9 266 34.7 228 29.8
BMI (mean, standard deviation) 26.5 6.2 17.3 1.0 22.4 1.6 27.3 1.5 34.6 7.7 NA
Stunting 364 26.9 6 1.6 141 38.7 126 34.6 91 25.0 0.15
Hypertension 298 22.0 4 1.3 88 29.5 101 33.9 105 35.2 < 0.01
Blood pressure (in mmHg, mean, standard deviation)
 Systolic 119.7 16.0 110.6 12.0 116.5 14.9 120.5 16.7 125.5 17 < 0.01
 Diastolic 73.2 10.0 69.2 10.3 71.2 9.4 73.3 9.3 77.4 10.7 < 0.01
 Mean arterial pressure 88.7 11.2 83.0 9.5 86.3 10.2 89.0 10.7 93.5 12.0 < 0.01
Diabetes 40 3.0 1 2.5 8 20.0 18 45.0 13 32.5 0.03
Chronic kidney disease by stagee
 No disease 820 63.5 19 2.3 345 42.1 269 32.8 187 22.8
 I–II 399 30.9 11 2.8 169 42.4 129 32.3 90 22.6 0.29
 III–V 72 5.6 0 0 40 55.6 22 30.6 10 13.9
Schooling ever 1 086 80.0 24 2.2 458 42.2 358 33.0 246 22.7 0.50
Schooling yearse (mean, standard deviation) 4.6 3.9 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.4 3.6 5.1 4.1 0.09
Poverty (US$/d/day) e,f
 < $1 434 52.7 11 2.5 179 41.2 144 33.2 100 23.0
 $1–2 270 32.8 8 3.0 106 39.3 90 33.3 66 24.4 0.44
 ≥ $2 120 14.6 4 3.3 36 30.0 43 35.8 37 30.8
Urban living historye
 Always 120 11.0 22 3.0 313 42.6 227 30.9 173 23.5
 Sometimes 233 21.4 8 3.4 90 38.6 83 35.6 52 22.3 0.38
 Never 735 67.6 1 0.8 51 42.5 33 27.5 35 29.2
Tobacco use 424 31.3 11 2.6 223 52.6 125 29.5 65 15.3 < 0.01
Alcohol use 647 47.7 13 2.0 313 48.4 198 30.6 123 19.0 <0.01
Illicit drug use 69 5.1 2 2.9 40 58.0 18 26.1 9 13.0 0.05
Family medical history
 Hypertension 609 44.9 14 2.3 252 41.4 197 32.3 146 24.0 0.46
 Diabetes 220 16.2 7 3.2 72 32.7 68 30.9 73 33.2 < 0.01
 Chronic kidney disease e 170 12.6 3 1.8 68 40.0 48 28.2 51 30.0 0.05
a

Or mean where specified.

b

Or standard deviation where specified.

c

For categorical variables, P values calculated using chi-squared bivariate analyses and logistic regressions. For continuous variables, P values calculated using linear regressions.

d

Not applicable.

e

These categories have < 1 355 participants due to variations in participant responses. Response rates were > 95% for presence of CKD, mean schooling, and family history of CKD. Some participants chose not to answer income questions (824 total responses) and in one of five villages urban residency history was not asked (1 088 total responses).

f

US$/d/day = United States Dollars per dependent per day. These are the World Bank absolute poverty cut-offs from pre-2008 and are not equivalent to Nicaragua’s national 1998 poverty classification that classified extreme poverty as less than US$ 100/year (US$ 0.27/day) and poverty as less than US$ 185/year (US$ 0.50/day) (25).