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. 2015 Mar 15;16:15. doi: 10.1186/s12868-015-0146-6

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© Volz et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Relationship between pain perception and motor cortex excitability. a: Relationship and pathway of pain perception and motor cortex excitability. b: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can increase motor cortical excitability and pain threshold (= > decrease in pain perception). c: Motor tasks and motor observation increase pain threshold and motor excitability. d: Mental imagery decreases pain threshold and motor cortical excitability. Pictures modified from Flor [8]; Fregni et al. [9]; and Volz et al. [10].