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. 2015 Jan 19;3(1):e12246. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12246

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© 2015 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Single‐cell microstimulation of a medullary respiratory neuron in vivo. (A) 100 nA microstimulation (arrow) initially evoked no effect on neuronal firing. The pipette was advanced 3 μm and stimulation repeated. This time the stimulus evoked transient stereotypical changes in firing frequency, spike amplitude and spike shape, apparent in the AC trace, and a small hyperpolarization of the pipette, visible as a 1 mV shift in the DC trace. (B) Expanded view of region drawn in blue in A. (C) Average spike waveforms; source data indicated in A. (D) Diaphragm‐triggered histograms of neuronal firing before (cyan, bar indicated in A) and after (red, bar indicated in A) microstimulation: the firing pattern is maintained over the recording. (E) Response to single‐cell microstimulation (0 μm) is correlated with high labeling efficiency (TMR‐dextran, in vitro), which decreases as the pipette is withdrawn from the cell membrane. Number of replicates shown over each series.