Table 3.
Vitamin D status according to variables (Female)
| Vitamin D (ng/ml) | Vitamin D | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥20 ng/ml | <20 ng/ml | ||||||
| Mean (S.E)° | N § | %(S.E) | N | %(S.E) | |||
| Total | 15.6(0.163) | 2748248 | 16.9(1.1) | 13530639 | 83.1(1.1) | ||
| Age (years) | 20-29 | 14.1(0.251) | 383860 | 8.4(1.6) | 4159095 | 91.6(1.6) | <0.001 |
| 30-39 | 15.3(0.283) | 542108 | 14.9(1.9) | 3098926 | 85.1(1.9) | ||
| 40-49 | 15.6(0.268) | 724950 | 16.7(2.0) | 3613641 | 83.3(2.0) | ||
| 50-65 | 17.5(0.271) | 1097330 | 29.2(2.1) | 2658978 | 70.8(2.1) | ||
| Body mass index (BMI) (n = 5393) | <23 | 15.3(0.195) | 1457436 | 15.3(1.2) | 8095076 | 84.7(1.2) | 0.033 |
| 23-25 | 16.2(0.293) | 642163 | 21.2(2.2) | 2382941 | 78.8(2.2) | ||
| ≥25 | 15.5(0.249) | 631525 | 17.3(1.9) | 3026934 | 82.7(1.9) | ||
| Dietary supplementation (n = 4590) | Yes | 16.4(0.224) | 1587530 | 22.1(1.6) | 5583799 | 77.9(1.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 14.7(0.194) | 874424 | 12.0(1.2) | 6426624 | 88.0(1.2) | ||
| Physical activity | Yes | 16.4(0.440) | 260879 | 19.0(3.2) | 1110135 | 81.0(3.2) | 0.455 |
| No | 15.5(0.164) | 2487369 | 16.7(1.1) | 12415666 | 83.3(1.1) | ||
| Drinking | Yes | 15.7(0.212) | 1380747 | 16.0(1.4) | 7252876 | 84.0(1.4) | 0.298 |
| No | 15.4(0.199) | 1367501 | 17.9(1.4) | 6277763 | 82.1(1.4) | ||
| Smoking status | None/ex-smoker | 15.5(0.161) | 2495022 | 16.7(1.0) | 12432922 | 83.3(1.0) | 0.564 |
| Current smoker | 15.7(0.498) | 253226 | 18.7(3.8) | 1097717 | 81.3(3.8) | ||
| Marital status | Married | 16.2(0.187) | 2321272 | 20.4(1.3) | 9058540 | 79.6(1.3) | <0.001 |
| Unmarried | 14.1(0.234) | 426976 | 8.7(1.3) | 4472099 | 91.3(1.3) | ||
| Income (quartile) | Low | 16.9(0.502) | 368499 | 27.6(3.7) | 968252 | 72.4(3.7) | <0.001 |
| Middle low | 15.9(0.287) | 932271 | 21.3(2.1) | 3434927 | 78.7(2.1) | ||
| Middle high | 15.3(0.234) | 758403 | 13.7(1.5) | 4762438 | 86.3(1.5) | ||
| High | 15.3(0.234) | 689075 | 13.6(1.5) | 4365022 | 86.4(1.5) | ||
| Education | Less than elementary school | 17.5(0.366) | 467909 | 30.7(3.1) | 1056651 | 69.3(3.1) | <0.001 |
| Middle school | 17.1(0.436) | 370744 | 24.0(2.9) | 1174167 | 76.0(2.9) | ||
| High school | 15.3(0.240) | 978233 | 17.2(1.8) | 4698721 | 82.8(1.8) | ||
| More than college | 15.0(0.198) | 931362 | 12.4(1.2) | 6601101 | 87.6(1.2) | ||
| Shift work | Yes | 14.8(0.314) | 443644 | 14.4(2.1) | 2637092 | 85.6(2.1) | 0.183 |
| No | 15.7(0.172) | 2304604 | 17.5(1.2) | 10893547 | 82.5(1.2) | ||
| Stability of work | Permanent worker | 15.3(0.184) | 1810551 | 15.3(1.2) | 10038350 | 84.7(1.2) | 0.01 |
| Temporary worker | 16.3(0.254) | 937697 | 21.2(2.1) | 3492290 | 78.8(2.1) | ||
| Employment type | Part-time worker | 16.0(0.280) | 830474 | 21.0(2.1) | 3127546 | 79.0(2.1) | 0.014 |
| Full-time worker | 15.4(0.177) | 1917774 | 15.6(1.2) | 10403093 | 84.4(1.2) | ||
| Occupation | Office worker | 15.0(0.203) | 945750 | 11.9(1.2) | 6993107 | 88.1(1.2) | <0.001 |
| Service worker | 15.9(0.304) | 784657 | 19.9(2.1) | 3154425 | 80.1(2.1) | ||
| Manufacturing worker | 16.3(0.262) | 1017841 | 23.1(2.0) | 3383107 | 76.9(2.0) | ||
| Working hours/week | <40 | 16.1(0.217) | 1168254 | 19.9(1.7) | 4701664 | 80.1(1.7) | 0.029 |
| 40-52 | 15.2(0.201) | 1077340 | 14.1(1.2) | 6549011 | 85.9(1.2) | ||
| 52-60 | 15.3(0.472) | 243282 | 17.8(3.5) | 1126308 | 82.2(3.5) | ||
| ≥60 | 15.2(0.435) | 259372 | 18.4(3.2) | 1153657 | 81.6(3.2) | ||
S.E; standard error, § estimated population size.