Table 2.
Variable differences by hospitalization, outpatient visits and pharmaceutical drug use
| Variables | Hospitalization N(%) | Outpatients visits N(%) | Pharmaceutical drug use N(%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | P-value | Yes | No | P-value | Yes | No | P-value | ||
| Gender | Male | 292 ( 7.6) | 3542 (92.4) | 0.006 | 737 (19.2) | 3098 (80.8) | <0.001 | 863 (22.5) | 2973 (77.5) | <0.001 |
| Female | 308 ( 9.5) | 2946 (90.5) | 900 (27.6) | 2356 (72.4) | 1019 (31.3) | 2238 (68.7) | ||||
| Age | 20 ~ 29 | 107 ( 9.2) | 1061 (90.8) | 0.090 | 250 (21.4) | 916 (78.6) | <0.001 | 329 (28.2) | 839 (71.8) | 0.001 |
| 30 ~ 39 | 196 ( 8.7) | 2062 (91.3) | 439 (19.4) | 1820 (80.6) | 535 (23.7) | 1724 (76.3) | ||||
| 40 ~ 49 | 188 ( 7.4) | 2345 (92.6) | 598 (23.6) | 1937 (76.4) | 680 (26.8) | 1855 (73.2) | ||||
| 50 ~ 54 | 109 ( 9.7) | 1020 (90.3) | 350 (30.9) | 781 (69.1) | 338 (29.9) | 793 (70.1) | ||||
| Alcohol intake* | Heavy drinking | 100 ( 7.8) | 1184 (92.2) | <0.001 | 245 (19.1) | 1040 (80.9) | <0.001 | 308 (24.0) | 977 (76.0) | 0.001 |
| Moderate drinking | 255 ( 7.3) | 3233 (92.7) | 776 (22.2) | 2712 (77.8) | 899 (25.8) | 2591 (74.2) | ||||
| Non-drinking | 245 (10.6) | 2065 (89.4) | 614 (26.6) | 1698 (73.4) | 673 (29.1) | 1639 (70.9) | ||||
| Smoking† | Current | 165 ( 7.4) | 2054 (92.6) | 0.041 | 390 (17.6) | 1829 (82.4) | <0.001 | 495 (22.3) | 1726 (77.7) | <0.001 |
| Never or past | 434 ( 8.9) | 4429 (91.1) | 1245 (25.6) | 3621 (74.4) | 1385 (28.5) | 3481 (71.5) | ||||
| BMI‡ | Low | 23 ( 7.4) | 287 (92.6) | 0.485 | 74 (23.9) | 236 (76.1) | 0.082 | 92 (29.7) | 218 (70.3) | 0.341 |
| Normal | 365 ( 8.2) | 4101 (91.8) | 992 (22.2) | 3477 (77.8) | 1171 (26.2) | 3300 (73.8) | ||||
| Obese | 201 ( 8.9) | 2055 (91.1) | 555 (24.6) | 1701 (75.4) | 611 (27.1) | 1645 (72.9) | ||||
| Work type | Paid worker | 386 ( 8.3) | 4292 (91.7) | 0.381 | 1045 (22.3) | 3635 (77.7) | 0.038 | 1218 (26.0) | 3462 (74.0) | 0.174 |
| Self-employed | 214 ( 8.9) | 2192 (91.1) | 591 (24.6) | 1816 (75.4) | 664 (27.6) | 1745 (72.4) | ||||
| Work schedule | Shift worker | 116 ( 8.4) | 1268 (91.6) | 0.971 | 300 (21.7) | 1083 (78.3) | 0.174 | 361 (26.1) | 1023 (73.9) | 0.686 |
| Day worker | 481 ( 8.5) | 5207 (91.5) | 1335 (23.5) | 4357 (76.5) | 1518 (26.7) | 4175 (73.3) | ||||
| Married | Yes | 509 ( 8.9) | 5220 (91.1) | 0.024 | 1349 (23.5) | 4383 (76.5) | 0.058 | 1507 (26.3) | 4226 (73.7) | 0.362 |
| No | 91 ( 6.9) | 1225 (93.1) | 277 (21.0) | 1039 (79.0) | 363 (27.6) | 954 (72.4) | ||||
| Region | Urban | 250 ( 7.9) | 2925 (92.1) | 0.117 | 737 (23.2) | 2440 (76.8) | 0.862 | 876 (27.6) | 2300 (72.4) | 0.076 |
| Rural | 350 ( 8.9) | 3563 (91.1) | 900 (23.0) | 3014 (77.0) | 1006 (25.7) | 2911 (74.3) | ||||
| Income§ | High | 317 ( 8.7) | 3310 (91.3) | 0.513 | 842 (23.2) | 2788 (76.8) | 0.990 | 916 (25.2) | 2714 (74.8) | 0.009 |
| Low | 278 ( 8.3) | 3082 (91.7) | 778 (23.2) | 2582 (76.8) | 942 (28.0) | 2420 (72.0) | ||||
| Education|| | Middle school or lower | 131 (10.2) | 1154 (89.8) | 0.040 | 388 (30.1) | 899 (69.9) | <0.001 | 402 (31.2) | 885 (68.8) | <0.001 |
| High school | 238 ( 7.9) | 2783 (92.1) | 645 (21.3) | 2377 (78.7) | 790 (26.1) | 2233 (73.9) | ||||
| College or higher | 230 ( 8.3) | 2551 (91.7) | 604 (21.7) | 2177 (78.3) | 690 (24.8) | 2092 (75.2) | ||||
| Public insurance | National health insurance | 589 ( 8.5) | 6341 (91.5) | 0.658 | 1587 (22.9) | 5346 (77.1) | 0.018 | 1830 (26.4) | 5105 (73.6) | 0.111 |
| National medical protection | 11 ( 9.9) | 100 (90.1) | 38 (34.2) | 73 (65.8) | 37 (33.3) | 74 (66.7) | ||||
| Nothing | 0 ( 0.0) | 6 (100.0) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | ||||
| Additional private insurance | Yes | 511 ( 8.7) | 5335 (91.3) | 0.153 | 1376 (23.5) | 4474 (76.5) | 0.048 | 1566 (26.8) | 4284 (73.2) | 0.399 |
| No | 80 ( 7.4) | 1006 (92.6) | 225 (20.7) | 861 (79.3) | 277 (25.5) | 810 (74.5) | ||||
| Chronic disease | Yes | 314 ( 9.6) | 2962 (90.4) | 0.002 | 976 (29.8) | 2303 (70.2) | <0.001 | 1060 (32.3) | 2219 (67.7) | <0.001 |
| No | 286 ( 7.5) | 3526 (92.5) | 661 (17.3) | 3151 (82.7) | 822 (21.6) | 2992 (78.4) | ||||
*Heavy drinkers were those who consumed an average of ≥7 units of alcohol for men and ≥5 units for women ≥ 2 days/week. Moderate drinkers included those who consumed more than one glass of alcohol per month over the past year, and non-drinkers included those who never drink or drank less than one glass of alcohol per month over the past year.
†Current smokers or never/past smokers.
‡Body mass index (BMI) was categorized into three groups as low weight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2), and obese (BMI > 25 kg/m2).
§Household income was estimated using the quadrants provided by the KNHANES and relabeled as high and low, which includes the top two an bottom two quadrants, respectively.
||Education was divided among those who only completed middle school or less, those who only graduated from high school or completed some high school, and those who attended college or higher.