Table 3.
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analyses of Cigarette Smoking Initiation and Current Cigarette Smoking at Follow-up Among Baseline Non-Cigarette Smokers
| Model, Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | 1 Cigarette Smoking Initiation | 2 Current Cigarette Smoking at Follow-up | 3 Cigarette Smoking Initiation | 4 Current Cigarette Smoking at Follow-up |
| Baseline WTS | 2.56 (1.46-4.47) | 2.48 (1.01-6.06) | NA | NA |
| Baseline snus use | NA | NA | 3.73 (1.43-9.76) | 6.19 (1.86-20.56) |
| Age group, y | ||||
| 15-17 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 18-20 | 0.87 (0.59-1.27) | 0.85 (0.43-1.68) | 0.99 (0.68-1.44) | 1.01 (0.51-1.97) |
| 21-23 | 0.67 (0.40-1.11) | 0.78 (0.32-1.93) | 0.72 (0.43-1.19) | 0.78 (0.32-1.93) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Male | 1.24 (0.89-1.71) | 1.35 (0.76-2.42) | 1.12 (0.81-1.56) | 1.15 (0.63-2.08) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.82 (0.96-3.45) | 0.86 (0.23-3.21) | 1.87 (0.99-3.53) | 0.91 (0.24-3.40) |
| Hispanic | 1.80 (1.00-3.26) | 1.72 (0.65-4.51) | 1.72 (0.95-3.11) | 1.55 (0.59-4.08) |
| Other | 1.23 (0.71-2.14) | 0.36 (0.08-1.57) | 1.25 (0.72-2.18) | 0.39 (0.09-1.73) |
| Sensation-seeking quartile | ||||
| 1, Lowest | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 | 1.34 (0.89-2.02) | 1.03 (0.46-2.28) | 1.32 (0.88-2.00) | 0.99 (0.44-2.20) |
| 3 | 1.87 (1.19-2.94) | 1.56 (0.66-3.65) | 1.79 (1.14-2.83) | 1.38 (0.58-3.28) |
| 4, Highest | 2.93 (1.84-4.67) | 3.78 (1.78-8.05) | 2.92 (1.84-4.66) | 3.73 (1.75-7.94) |
| Friends smoking status | ||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1.95 (1.39-2.72) | 1.74 (0.94-3.22) | 1.97 (1.41-2.75) | 1.75 (0.94-3.25) |
| Parental smoking status | ||||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Former | 1.33 (0.88-2.01) | 1.35 (0.66-2.77) | 1.40 (0.93-2.11) | 1.43 (0.69-2.97) |
| Current | 1.83 (1.22-2.75) | 1.64 (0.78-3.44) | 1.87 (1.25-2.80) | 1.68 (0.81-3.50) |
| Ever binge drinking | ||||
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 1.26 (0.77-2.05) | 1.16 (0.53-2.54) | 1.37 (0.83-2.26) | 1.30 (0.58-2.93) |
| Maternal educational level | ||||
| <High school | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| High school graduate | 0.62 (0.29-1.33) | 0.99 (0.29-3.40) | 0.57 (0.26-1.25) | 0.89 (0.25-3.10) |
| ≥Some college | 0.42 (0.21-0.86) | 0.43 (0.14-1.34) | 0.42 (0.21-0.86) | 0.40 (0.13-1.25) |
| Annual parental household income, $ | ||||
| <50 000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 50 000 to <$100 000 | 1.08 (0.72-1.63) | 1.17 (0.50-2.74) | 1.09 (0.72-1.64) | 1.14 (0.49-2.63) |
| ≥100 000 | 1.25 (0.79-1.96) | 1.40 (0.62-3.18) | 1.31 (0.84-2.06) | 1.48 (0.65-3.34) |
| Region | ||||
| Midwest | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Northeast | 0.82 (0.52-1.30) | 1.21 (0.54-2.74) | 0.88 (0.55-1.39) | 1.35 (0.59-3.08) |
| South | 0.82 (0.54-1.24) | 1.25 (0.60-2.62) | 0.88 (0.58-1.34) | 1.40 (0.66-2.94) |
| West | 0.52 (0.31-0.86) | 0.60 (0.23-1.56) | 0.60 (0.36-0.99) | 0.74 (0.29-1.94) |
| Urbanicity | ||||
| Large rural town | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Small town or isolated rural | 1.92 (0.96-3.83) | 3.64 (0.88-14.99) | 2.04 (1.01-4.12) | 4.41 (1.03-18.96) |
| Suburban | 1.09 (0.55-2.16) | 2.72 (0.67-11.09) | 1.21 (0.60-2.42) | 3.52 (0.82-15.04) |
| Urban core | 1.07 (0.62-1.86) | 2.09 (0.60-7.27) | 1.21 (0.69-2.13) | 2.70 (0.75-9.77) |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; WTS, water pipe tobacco smoking.