Figure 1.

Protein refolding in vitro with the vortex fluid device (VFD), which generates shear flow inside thin fluid films (shaded). a) VFD schematic and parameters for modeling. The inset represents a two-dimensional slice of the tube through the axis of rotation. The inner diameter of the tube, R₂, is 5 mm, and the thin fluid film thickness, δδ, has been previously measured (depicted not to scale).^[17] The velocity of the solution, v_θ, increases from the inner surface of the film to match the velocity of the tube, Ω. b). Shear stress calculated as a function of rotational speed (rpm) and radius, R₁, from the center of the tube.