TABLE 1.
Associations between participants’ sex and abnormal laboratory test results (N = 170).*
| LABORATORY TEST | RANGE | REFERENCE (RANGE, NORMAL LOW TO HIGH) | FEMALE† (%) | MALE‡ (%) | P VALUE § | ADJUSTED P VALUE § | UNKNOWN MEDICAL CONDITION,¶ (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine Transferase, U #/L** | 8–105 | 0–35 (F††) 0–50 (M‡‡) |
8/116 (6.9) | 2/54 (3.7) | .506 | .853 | Female: 5/8 (63) Male: 1/2 (50) |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase, U/L | 13–80 | 0–35 (F) 0–50 (M) |
15/116 (12.9) [15 values were high {range, 36–63; median, 42}] | 1/54 (1.9) [1 value was high {80}] | .023 | .175 | Female: 14/15 (93) Male 1/1 (100) |
| Albumin, g§§/dL¶¶ | 3.7–5.4 | 3.5–5.2 | 0/116 (0.0) | 1/54 (1.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Male: 1/1 (100) |
| Alkaline Phosphatase, U/L | 21–137 | 35–105 (F) 40–130 (M) |
7/116 (6.0) | 1/54 (1.9) | .438 | .846 | Female: 2/7 (29) Male: 0/1 (0) |
| Basophils, No. (103 per μL##) | 0.01–0.11 | 0–0.1 | 1/115 (0.9) | 0/55 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Female: 0/1 (0) |
| Basophils, % | 0.01–0.11 | 0–0.1 | 1/115 (0.9) | 0/55 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Female: 0/1 (0) |
| Carbon Dioxide, mmol***/L | 17–30 | 20–28 | 9/116 (7.8) | 4/54 (7.4) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Female: 4/9 (44) Male: 3/4 (75) |
| Calcium, mg†††/dL | 8.5–10.4 | 8.6–10.2 | 1/116 (0.9) | 1/54 (1.9) | .536 | .853 | Female: 1/1 (100) Males 1/1 (100) |
| Chloride, mmol/L | 83–108 | 96–108 | 1/116 (0.9) | 1/54 (1.9) | .536 | .853 | Female: 0/1 (0) Male: 0/1 (0) |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.25–1.40 | 0.51–0.95 (F) 0.67–1.17 (M) |
14/116 (12.1) | 11/54 (20.4) | .168 | .482 | Female: 3/14 (21) Male: 7/11 (64) |
| Eosinophil, No. (103 per μL) | 0.01–0.64 | 0–0.4 (F) 0–0.5 (M) |
2/115 (1.7) | 0/55 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Female: 1/2 (50) |
| Eosinophils, % | 0.1–10.1 | 0.7–5.8 (F) 0.8–7.0 (M) |
6/115 (5.2) | 6/55 (10.9) | .206 | .525 | Female: 3/6 (50) Male: 2/6 (33) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 58–462 | 74–106 | 29/116 (25.0) | 17/54 (31.5) | .459 | .846 | Female: 18/29 (62) Males 14/17 (82) |
| Hematocrit, % | 24.6–50.9 | 34–45 (F) 40–51 (M) |
19/115 (16.5) | 4/55 (7.3) | .149 | .463 | Females 18/19 (95) Male: 4/4 (100) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 6.3–16.9 | 11.2–15.7 (F) 13.7–17.5 (M) |
7/115 (6.1) [7 values were low {range, 6.3–10.8; median, 10.2}] | 9/55 (16.4) [9 values were low {range, 12.4–13.6; median, 13.0}] | .047 | .224 | Female: 5/7 (71) Male: 9/9 (100) |
| Lymphocyte, No. (103 per μL) | 0.86–3.75 | 1.2–3.7 (F) 1.3–3.6 (M) |
7/115 (6.1) [5 values were low {range, 0.94–1.14}; 2 values were high {range, 3.71–3.75}] | 13/55 (23.6) [11 values were low {range, 0.86–1.27; median, 1.12}; 2 values were high {range, 3.63–3.75}] | .002 | .053 | Female: 2/7 (29) Male: 9/13 (69) |
| Lymphocytes, % | 14.4–54.7 | 19.3–51.7 (F) 21.8–53.1 (M) |
3/115 (2.6) | 6/55 (10.9) | .060 | .252 | Female: 1/3 (33) Male: 5/6 (83) |
| Monocyte, No. (103 per μL) | 0.18–1.45 | 0.2–0.9 (F) 0.3–0.8 (M) |
3/115 (2.6) [2 values were low {range, 0.18–0.19}; 1 value was high {1.45}] | 8/55 (14.6) [5 values were low {range, 0.19–0.28; median, 0.26}; 3 values were high {0.85, 0.96, 0.99}] | .006 | .105 | Female: 0/3 (0) Male: 3/8 (38) |
| Monocytes, % | 3–22.4 | 4.7–12.5 (F) 5.3–12.2 (M) |
6/115 (5.2) | 6/55 (10.9%) | .206 | .525 | Female: 2/6 (33) Male: 5/6 (83) |
| Neutrophil, No. (103 per μL) | 1.43–7.77 | 1.6–6.1 (F) 1.8–5.4 (M) |
5/115 (4.4) [1 value was low {1.43}; 4 values were high {range, 6.53–7.77; median, 7.06}] | 8/55 (14.6) [2 values were low {1.71–1.78}; 6 values were high {range, 5.45–6.67; median, 6.09}] | .029 | .179 | Female: 2/5 (40) Male: 3/8 (38) |
| Neutrophils, %‡‡‡ | 32.1–77.7 | 34–71.1 (F) 34–67.9 (M) |
4/114 (3.5) [1 value was low {32.1}; 3 values were high {71.2, 71.3, 71.7}] | 8/55 (14.6) [8 values were high {range, 68.6–77.7; median, 69.4}] | .020 | .175 | Female: 1/4 (25) Male: 6/8 (75) |
| Platelet Count (103 per μL)‡‡‡ | 133–524 | 160–370 (F) 163–337 (M) |
5/114 (4.4) | 6/55 (10.9) | .179 | .482 | Female: 5/5 (100) Male: 4/6 (67) |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 2.8–5.3 | 3.3–5.1 | 2/116 (1.7) | 0/54 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Female: 0/2 (0) |
| Red Blood Cell Count (106 per μL) | 3.18–5.78 | 3.9–5.2 (F) 4.6–6.1 (M) |
8/115 (7.0) | 6/55 (10.9) | .385 | .809 | Female: 2/8 (25) Male: 2/6 (33) |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 123–144 | 132–145 | 1/116 (0.9) | 1/54 (1.9) | .536 | .853 | Female: 0/1 (0) Male: 0/1 (0) |
| Total Bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.1–1.4 | 0–1.2 | 1/116 (0.9) | 1/54 (1.9) | .536 | .853 | Female: 1/1 (100) Male: 1/1 (100) |
| Total Protein, g/dL | 5.6–8.3 | 6.3–7.7 | 13/116 (11.2) | 8/54 (14.8) | .617 | .922 | Female: 3/13 (23) Male: 2/8 (25) |
| Urea Nitrogen, mg/dL | 6–37 | 6–20 | 8/116 (6.9) | 7/54 (13.0) | .246 | .601 | Female: 2/8 (25) Male: 5/7 (71) |
| Urine, pH | 5–8 | 5–8 | 0/115 (0.0) | 0/55 (0.0) | 1.000 | 1.000 | NA§§§ |
| White Blood Cell Count (×1019 per L of blood) | 3.4–11.3 | 4–10 (F) 4.2–9.1 (M) |
6/115 (5.2) [2 values were low {range, 3.7–3.9}; 4 values were high {10.3, 10.3, 11.0, 11.3}] | 10/55 (18.2) [5 values were low {range, 3.4–4.1; median, 3.6}; 5 values were high {range, 9.7–10.1; median, 9.8}] | .011 | .142 | Female: 2/6 (33) Male: 4/10 (40) |
| Urine Glucose, mg/dL | NA | 0 | 4/115 (3.5) | 3/55 (5.5) | .683 | .936 | Female: 1/4 (25) Male: 0/3 (0) |
| Urine Ketones, mg/dL | NA | 0 | 16/115 (13.9) | 8/55 (14.6) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Female: 6/16 (38) Male: 3/8 (38) |
| Urine Protein, mg/dL | NA | 0 | 4/115 (3.5) | 1/55 (1.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | Female: 0/4 (0) Male: 0/1 (0) |
| Urine Red Blood Cell Count per High Power Field | NA | 0 | 33/115 (28.7) | 2/55 (3.6) | < .001 | .008 | Female:16/33 (48) Male: 1/2 (50) |
| Urine White Blood Cell Count per High Power Field | NA | 0 | 6/115 (5.2) | 0/55 (0.0) | .179 | .482 | Female: 5/6 (83) |
*
Test results were not available for at least one participant.
†
The number of women who had abnormal test results of the total number of women for whom results were available.
‡
The number of men who had abnormal test results of the total number of men for whom results were available.
§
The P value was based on differences between sexes with respect to the probability of observing an abnormal laboratory test result.
¶
The number of participants who did not indicate they had a medical condition of those who had abnormal laboratory test result.
#
U: Unit.
**
L: Liter.
††
F: Female.
‡‡
M: Male.
§§
g: Grams.
¶¶
dL: Deciliter.
##
μL: Microliter.
***
mmol: Millimole.
†††
mg: Milligram.
‡‡‡
Only 169 assays were performed, as test results were not available for all participants.
§§§
NA: Not applicable.