Table 1. Characteristics of the participants according to the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease in a diabetic population.
| CKD | P | eGFR< 60 | P | Proteinuria | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| absence | presence | absence | presence | absence | presence | ||||
| Sex (%) | 0.408 | 0.833 | 0.008 | ||||||
| male | 54.2(1.8) | 58.2(4.2) | 54.7(1.7) | 53.6(5.1) | 55.0(1.7) | 72.8(5.7) | |||
| female | 45.8(1.8) | 41.8(4.2) | 45.3(1.7) | 46.4(5.1) | 45.0(1.7) | 27.2(5.7) | |||
| Age (years) | <.001 | ||||||||
| 19–29 | 1.3(0.6) | 1.3(1.3) | |||||||
| 30–39 | 6.4(0.9) | 4.4(2.0) | |||||||
| 40–49 | 20.4(1.7) | 5.8(2.9) | |||||||
| 50–59 | 28.0(1.6) | 19.3(3.4) | |||||||
| 60–69 | 26.3(1.4) | 28.2(3.9) | |||||||
| ≥70 | 17.6(1.3) | 41.0(4.5) | |||||||
| Education (> 6 yrs) | 60.6(1.9) | 49.9(4.5) | 0.022 | 60.8(1.8) | 42.6(5.1) | <.001 | 58.9(1.8) | 69.4(6.0) | 0.110 |
| Ever-smoker (yes) | 48.6(1.7) | 48.9(4.3) | 0.945 | 48.5(1.7) | 50.4(4.7) | 0.693 | 49.0(1.7) | 53.4(7.5) | 0.572 |
| Heavy drinker (yes) | 20.9(1.9) | 15.8(4.4) | 0.316 | 20.7(1.9) | 16.0(5.5) | 0.444 | 20.7(1.9) | 19.6(7.5) | 0.889 |
| Regular exercise (yes) | 26.2(1.6) | 13.9(2.7) | <.001 | 25.9(1.6) | 12.5(3.0) | 0.001 | 25.6(1.5) | 13.1(3.8) | 0.012 |
| MI (> = 25 kg/m2) | 49.8(1.8) | 52.8(4.6) | 0.014 | 50.3(1.7) | 47.8(4.9) | 0.181 | 49.2(1.8) | 60.3(7.3) | 0.121 |
| MetS components | |||||||||
| High WC | 56.3(1.8) | 57.1(4.4) | 0.860 | 56.1(1.8) | 59.8(4.8) | 0.472 | 56.0(1.8) | 53.7(7.3) | 0.766 |
| Low HDL | 62.3(1.7) | 74.9(4.2) | 0.009 | 62.3(1.7) | 80.1(4.1) | <.001 | 62.6(1.7) | 72.2(7.0) | 0.203 |
| High glucose | 89.1(1.0) | 83.6(3.0) | 0.058 | 89.3(1.0) | 77.8(4.0) | <.001 | 88.4(1.0) | 90.3(4.0) | 0.678 |
| High triglycerides | 55.5(1.7) | 60.0(4.4) | 0.347 | 55.5(1.7) | 61.7(4.7) | 0.224 | 55.4(1.7) | 60.0(7.5) | 0.563 |
| High blood pressure | 61.5(1.9) | 82.3(3.3) | <.001 | 62.2(1.8) | 83.0(3.8) | <.001 | 62.8(1.7) | 84.5(4.6) | <.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.4(0.6) | 128.9(1.6) | 0.009 | 124.6(0.6) | 128.5(1.9) | 0.053 | 124.5(0.6) | 131.6(2.2) | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.1(0.4) | 75.3(1.0) | 0.104 | 77.2(0.4) | 72.9(1.1) | <.001 | 76.9(0.3) | 79.6(1.4) | 0.051 |
| DM duration (> = 5 yr) | 57.5(2.2) | 80.6(4.2) | <.001 | 58.0(2.1) | 84.0(4.1) | <.001 | 59.4(2.1) | 79.3(7.4) | 0.031 |
| DM control (yes) | 29.2(1.8) | 32.7(4.3) | 0.445 | 29.1(1.7) | 35.6(4.7) | 0.188 | 29.4(1.7) | 25.0(7.0) | 0.333 |
| HbA1c | 7.3(0.1) | 7.4(0.1) | 0.582 | 7.3(0.1) | 7.3(0.2) | 0.753 | 7.3(0.1) | 7.7(0.2) | 0.162 |
| DMR | <.001 | 0.025 | <.001 | ||||||
| NPDR | 15.6(1.8) | 29.6(6.1) | 16.4(1.8) | 24.9(6.6) | 16.3(1.8) | 37.5(10.3) | |||
| PDR | 1.8(0.5) | 5.5(2.8) | 1.8(0.5) | 7.1(4.0) | 1.8(0.5) | 4.9(3.7) | |||
| CSME | 1.4(0.5) | 6.4(2.7) | 1.7(0.5) | 4.1(3.0) | 1.4(0.5) | 12.8(6.0) | |||
Data are presented as the mean±SE or % (SE). Abbreviation: CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; MetS, metabolic syndrome; WC, waist circumference; HDL, high density lipoprotein; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; CSME, clinically significant macular edema. DM control means HbA1c<6.5.