Figure 2.

Mammalian neural stem/progenitor cells are generally negatively affected by inflammation

Signaling cascades through Cystlr1, IFN-α and IFN-γ receptors and Cr2, which are expressed by neural stem/progenitor cells (orange, NSPC), as well as macrophage-derived TNF-α and IL-1β, suppress self-renewal. IL-10 secreted by monocytes blocks neuronal differentiation, while CCR2 and MCP-1 hamper neuronal survival, migration and maturation. T cells secrete BDNF to positively regulate neurogenesis from stem cells through its receptor TrkB and intracellular cascades of phosphorylated Akt and survivin. CXCR4/SDF1 chemokine signaling is required for directed migration of neural stem/progenitor cells and neurons.